On cause and effect, reason and result

On cause and effect, reason and result 

A lot of this is about understanding the difference between a clause and a phrase.

A clause always has a subject and predicate. A "predicate" is a verb that says something about the subject.

As in "I am". 

Here is a big painting of a clause:

A phrase is a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause:

These look good as T-shirts

A lot of the confusion that happens with conjunctive phrases like "as a result", "as a result of", "due to", "because" and "because of" is not just because people get confused about whether they refer to reasons or results, but whether they are followed by clauses or noun phrases.

Go here to find out all about this and to practice:

Contrast

Reason and result

Expand here

Contrast and concession

On cause and effect, reason and result

Error correction (subject verb agreement)

 

Find some errors

 

Old buildings are fascinating because they told the story of the past. Many of these buildings is made of strong materials like stone and brick, which have help them survive for many year. Some old building was once homes, while others used for important events, like church or castle. When you visited these buildings, you can saw the detail of their architectures, such as tall window, wooden door, or carved decoration. The buildings is often very large, and it take a lot of work to maintain it. People doesn't always realizes how many history they surrounded by. This buildings holding memories from past, and it tells us about the differents period in history. By look at it, we can learning how peoples lived and worked in past.

 

Now look at the italicised words. Can you change them to improve the writing

Old buildings are fascinating because they told the story of the past. Many of these buildings is made of strong materials like stone and brick, which have help them survive for many year. Some old building was once homes, while others used for important events, like church or castle. When you visited these buildings, you can saw the detail of their architectures, such as tall window, wooden door, or carved decoration. The buildings is often very large, and it take a lot of work to maintain it. People doesn't always realizes how many history they surrounded by. This buildings holding memories from past, and it tells us about the differents period in history. By look at it, we can learning how peoples lived and worked in past.

 

Use the gaps to write you corrections

Old buildings are fascinating because they ______ the story of the past. Many of these buildings ___ made of strong materials like stone and brick, which have _____ them survive for many _____. Some old ________ ____ once homes, while others ____ used for important events, like ______ or ______. When you _______ these buildings, you can _____ the _______ of their ___________, such as tall ________, wooden _______, or carved _________. _______ buildings ___ often very large, and it _____ a lot of work to maintain _____. People _______ always ______ how ______ history they _____ surrounded by. _____ buildings _______ memories from ___ past, and ____ ______ us about the ________ _______ in history. By ______ at _____, we can ______ how ______ lived and worked in ____ past.

Model IELTS essay with linking / coordinating words removed (Architectural Heritage)

Find some errors

 

Old buildings are fascinating because they told the story of the past. Many of these buildings is made of strong materials like stone and brick, which have help them survive for many year. Some old building was once homes, while others used for important events, like church or castle. When you visited these buildings, you can saw the detail of their architectures, such as tall window, wooden door, or carved decoration. The buildings is often very large, and it take a lot of work to maintain it. People doesn't always realizes how many history they surrounded by. This buildings holding memories from past, and it tells us about the differents period in history. By look at it, we can learning how peoples lived and worked in past.

 

Now look at the italicised words. Can you change them to improve the writing

Old buildings are fascinating because they told the story of the past. Many of these buildings is made of strong materials like stone and brick, which have help them survive for many year. Some old building was once homes, while others used for important events, like church or castle. When you visited these buildings, you can saw the detail of their architectures, such as tall window, wooden door, or carved decoration. The buildings is often very large, and it take a lot of work to maintain it. People doesn't always realizes how many history they surrounded by. This buildings holding memories from past, and it tells us about the differents period in history. By look at it, we can learning how peoples lived and worked in past.

 

Use the gaps to write you corrections

Old buildings are fascinating because they ______ the story of the past. Many of these buildings ___ made of strong materials like stone and brick, which have _____ them survive for many _____. Some old ________ ____ once homes, while others ____ used for important events, like ______ or ______. When you _______ these buildings, you can _____ the _______ of their ___________, such as tall ________, wooden _______, or carved _________. _______ buildings ___ often very large, and it _____ a lot of work to maintain _____. People _______ always ______ how ______ history they _____ surrounded by. _____ buildings _______ memories from ___ past, and ____ ______ us about the ________ _______ in history. By ______ at _____, we can ______ how ______ lived and worked in ____ past.

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Many old buildings protected by law are part of a nation’s history. Some people think they should be knocked down and replaced by news ones.

How important is it to maintain old buildings?

Should history stand in the way of progress?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words.

Most nations around the world have at least some, or possibly many, old buildings. There are temples, churches and houses in their cities, villages and surrounding areas. These buildings have historical significance. It is very important to maintain these. It does not mean progress should stop.

Preserving certain old buildings is important for several reasons. These structures provide an insight into the history of our countries. They show us how people many centuries ago lived their lives. Without them, we could only learn by books. It would undoubtedly be sad if this were the only way to see them. Many of these buildings are very beautiful. Take the many religious buildings. There are churches and temples we see around the world. Many of these buildings provide important income to a country. Many tourists visit them in great numbers.

This certainly does not mean that modernization should be discouraged. I believe old buildings can be protected in tandem with progress. In many circumstances we see old historic buildings being renovated. Their original character is maintained. They are used for modern purposes. In no way does history hinder progress. It is the opposite. We study and learn about our history. We understand more about the world we live in. This helps us to build a better future.

I believe it is very important to protect and preserve old buildings. We can learn about our history. Others from other countries can learn about their history. Such knowledge can help us to understand how to modernise our countries in the best way.

Most nations around the world have at least some, or possibly many, old buildings ____ ___ temples, churches and houses in their cities, villages and surrounding areas ____ have historical significance. __ ___ _______, it is very important to maintain these, ____ this does not mean progress should stop.

Preserving certain old buildings is important for several reasons. ____, these structures provide an insight into the history of our countries, show___ us how people many centuries ago lived their lives. Without them, we could only learn by books, and it would undoubtedly be sad if this were the only way to see them. Many of these buildings are ____ very beautiful. Take ___ ______ the many religious buildings ___ __ churches and temples ____ we see around the world. ___ ____ this, ___ on a more practical level, many of these buildings provide important income to a country ___ many tourists visit them in great numbers.

_____, this certainly does not mean that modernization should be discouraged. I believe ___ old buildings can be protected in tandem with progress. ___ _____, in many circumstances we see old historic buildings being renovated _____ maintaining their original character, ____ being used for modern purposes. ___, in no way does history hinder progress, ___ ___ ____ it is the opposite. ___ studying and learning about our history, we understand more about the world we live in, ___ this helps us to build a better future.

___ _______, I believe ___ it is very important to protect and preserve old buildings ___ we can learn about our history ___ can others from other countries. Such knowledge can ____ help us to understand how to modernise our countries in the best way.

Most nations around the world have at least some, or possibly many, old buildings such as temples, churches and houses in their cities, villages and surrounding areas which have historical significance. In my opinion, it is very important to maintain these, but this does not mean progress should stop.

Preserving certain old buildings is important for several reasons. Firstly, these structures provide an insight into the history of our countries, showing us how people many centuries ago lived their lives. Without them, we could only learn by books, and it would undoubtedly be sad if this were the only way to see them. Many of these buildings are also very beautiful. Take for example the many religious buildings such as churches and temples that we see around the world. Not only this, but on a more practical level, many of these buildings provide important income to a country as many tourists visit them in great numbers.

However, this certainly does not mean that modernization should be discouraged. I believe that old buildings can be protected in tandem with progress. For example, in many circumstances we see old historic buildings being renovated whilst maintaining their original character, and being used for modern purposes. Also, in no way does history hinder progress, and in fact it is the opposite. By studying and learning about our history, we understand more about the world we live in, and this helps us to build a better future.

To conclude, I believe that it is very important to protect and preserve old buildings as we can learn about our history as can others from other countries. Such knowledge can also help us to understand how to modernise our countries in the best way.

Unscramble to review sentence structures (linking clauses)

 Cleft sentence

a who started the  It was experiment  lecturer 

_______________________________________________________________________________

Inversion

realise my wallet Not till I got home did I  was missing.

_______________________________________________________________________________

Sequencing

 was going to bark I up knew the dog as soon as the mailman walked 

_______________________________________________________________________________

Contrastive clause

that we are despite the fact  related, he help us  refused to

_______________________________________________________________________________

Clause of reason

Because  the tennis match of the rain, was stopped.

_______________________________________________________________________________

Non-defining relative clause

deeply indebted to I am Brian,  this project would not have been without whom possible

_______________________________________________________________________________

Contrastive clause

should try doing Instead something of  it, they  complaining about  positive.

_______________________________________________________________________________

Coordinating clauses for writing

The examples below separate each idea or point into a separate sentence. This is not how English flows. Instead, we coordinate ideas into clauses using different phrases, word forms, or different sentence structures.

 

1 .The weather was sunny. We decided to go for a walk in the park.

2. I studied all night. I didn’t perform well on the test.

3. She was tired. She stayed up late to finish her project.

4. He enjoys playing video games. His brother prefers outdoor sports.

5. I wanted to go to the beach. It started raining heavily.

6. We had planned a road trip. The car broke down unexpectedly.

7. The concert tickets sold out quickly. We couldn’t attend.

8. She completed her homework early. She wanted to have more free time later.

9. I like reading novels. I don’t have much time for it.

10. He felt nervous about the interview. He had prepared thoroughly.

11. She looked tired. She insisted on attending the meeting.

12. You must submit the assignment by tomorrow. You will receive a penalty.

13. I enjoy hiking in the mountains. It helps me relax and unwind.

14. The team practiced hard every day. They won the championship.

15. He was running late. He stopped to help his friend with her bags.

16. He failed to meet the deadline. He worked overtime to complete the task.

17. She was very talented. She lacked confidence in her abilities.

18. I need to finish this report. I’ll answer some emails.

19. We could go to the cinema. We could stay home and watch a movie instead.

20. I had never traveled abroad before. This summer, I will visit Paris for the first time.

 

 

 

 

 

1.      The weather was sunny, ___ we decided to go for a walk in the park.

2.      I studied all night, ___ I didn’t perform well on the test.

3.      Although she was tired, ___ she stayed up late to finish her project.

4.      He enjoys playing video games, ___ his brother prefers outdoor sports.

5.      I wanted to go to the beach, ___ it started raining heavily.

6.      We had planned a road trip, ___ the car broke down unexpectedly.

7.      The concert tickets sold out quickly, ___ we couldn’t attend.

8.      She completed her homework early ___ she wanted to have more free time later.

9.      I like reading novels, ___ I don’t have much time for it.

10. He felt nervous about the interview, ___ he had prepared thoroughly.

11. She looked tired, ___ she insisted on attending the meeting.

12. You must submit the assignment by tomorrow, ___ you will receive a penalty.

13. I enjoy hiking in the mountains ___ it helps me relax and unwind.

14. The team practiced hard every day, ___ they won the championship.

15. He was running late, ___ he stopped to help his friend with her bags.

16. He failed to meet the deadline, ___ he worked overtime to complete the task.

17. She was very talented, ___ she lacked confidence in her abilities.

18. I need to finish this report, ___ I’ll answer some emails.

19. We could go to the cinema, ___ we could stay home and watch a movie instead.

20. _____ I have never traveled abroad before,  this summer I will visit Paris for the first time.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

therefore

Despite that

On the other hand

However x 3

Unfortunately

As a result x 2

so that

although x 2

even though

Nonetheless

Otherwise

as

Consequently

nonetheless

Afterward

Alternatively

1.      The weather was sunny; ________, we decided to go for a walk in the park.

2.      I studied all night. _________, I didn’t perform well on the test.

3.      She was tired; _______, she stayed up late to finish her project.

4.      He enjoys playing video games. __________ his brother prefers outdoor sports.

5.      I wanted to go to the beach. _______, it started raining heavily.

6.      We had planned a road trip. _________, the car broke down unexpectedly.

7.      The concert tickets sold out quickly. __________, we couldn’t attend.

8.      She completed her homework early, ________ she could have more free time later.

9.      I like reading novels, ________I don’t have much time for it.

10. He felt nervous about the interview, __________ he had prepared thoroughly.

11. She looked tired. __________, she insisted on attending the meeting.

12. You must submit the assignment by tomorrow. _________, you will receive a penalty.

13. I enjoy hiking in the mountains, _________ it helps me relax and unwind.

14. The team practiced hard every day. ________, they won the championship.

15. He was running late; _________, he stopped to help his friend with her bags.

16. He failed to meet the deadline. __________, he worked overtime to complete the task.

17. She was very talented; ________, she lacked confidence in her abilities.

18. I need to finish this report. _________, I’ll answer some emails.

19. We could go to the cinema. __________, we could stay home and watch a movie instead.

20. ___________ I had never traveled abroad before, this summer marks the first time I will visit Paris.

 

 

1.      The weather was sunny; therefore, we decided to go for a walk in the park.

2.      I studied all night. Despite that, I didn’t perform well on the test.

3.      She was tired; however, she stayed up late to finish her project.

4.      He enjoys playing video games. On the other hand, his brother prefers outdoor sports.

5.      I wanted to go to the beach. However, it started raining heavily.

6.      We had planned a road trip. Unfortunately, the car broke down unexpectedly.

7.      The concert tickets sold out quickly. As a result, we couldn’t attend.

8.      She completed her homework early, so that she could have more free time later.

9.      I like reading novels, although I don’t have much time for it.

10. He felt nervous about the interview, even though he had prepared thoroughly.

11. She looked tired. Nonetheless, she insisted on attending the meeting.

12. You must submit the assignment by tomorrow. Otherwise, you will receive a penalty.

13. I enjoy hiking in the mountains, as it helps me relax and unwind.

14. The team practiced hard every day. Consequently, they won the championship.

15. He was running late; nonetheless, he stopped to help his friend with her bags.

16. He failed to meet the deadline. As a result, he worked overtime to complete the task.

17. She was very talented; however, she lacked confidence in her abilities.

18. I need to finish this report. Afterward, I’ll answer some emails.

19. We could go to the cinema. Alternatively, we could stay home and watch a movie instead.

20. Although I had never traveled abroad before, this summer marks the first time I will visit Paris.

What Sign Language Can Do That Spoken Language Can't

 

1. belonging

2. without

3. terrible

4. simple

5. in theory

6. superior

7. through 

8. Esperanto

9. utopia

10. carry on

11. imagine

12. hearing

13. adept

14. underwater

15. shared

The deaf community is no _______, but it does offer an alternative language, culture and social life to those who choose to be a part of it. In fact, signed languages can do many things spoken languages can’t. In fact, here’s a list of ways in which visual languages are _______ to the spoken word:

 
10. You can _______ a complex conversation in the loudest pub or club, while people all around you scream into each other’s ears, trying to convey something as _____ as, I’m going to the toilet now.

9. Visual languages are more accessible, not only for people who are fully deaf, but (_______) for the 1 in 6 Australians who have a ______ loss.

8. You can ask your partner to pick up the mail from the balcony when he’s standing in the parking lot, four floors down, ______  disturbing the neighbours.

7. You can talk _______.

6. Storytelling is more engaging and detailed in visual languages. Because they are visual-spatial, signed languages are particularly _____ at describing space and movement.

5. You can talk _______ car windows. It’s easy to give directions to a signing friend driving behind or in front.

4. Deaf people who sign have been proven to be more “multilingual”. In a fascinating study lead by UK academic and researcher Sabaji Panda, it was found that if you put two deaf people in a room, who have no ______ language, it’s only a matter of hours before they find a way to communicate (________ trying that with hearing people.) Because signed languages have shorter histories, their grammars typically share certain features, which means that even if two deaf people have no common vocabulary, it takes short time before they can figure out a way to communicate.

3. You can critique a ______ lecture/performance/reading without anyone in the audience hearing you.

2. Unlike _________, that failed international spoken language, International Sign has taken off since the advent of social media. Deaf people often learn and use IS when they travel overseas, skype, and/or present at international deaf conferences and events.

1. A signed language, often referred to as the “natural language of the deaf”, offers deaf people a sense of ________ and a positive identity.

Link to article:

What Signed Languages Can Do

Or check your answers here:

The deaf community is no utopia, but it does offer an alternative language, culture and social life to those who choose to be a part of it. In fact, signed languages can do many things spoken languages can’t. In fact, here’s a list of ways in which visual languages are superior to the spoken word:

 
10. You can carry on a complex conversation in the loudest pub or club, while people all around you scream into each other’s ears, trying to convey something as simple as, I’m going to the toilet now.

9. Visual languages are more accessible, not only for people who are fully deaf, but (in theory) for the 1 in 6 Australians who have a hearing loss.

8. You can ask your partner to pick up the mail from the balcony when he’s standing in the parking lot, four floors down, without disturbing the neighbours.

7. You can talk underwater.

6. Storytelling is more engaging and detailed in visual languages. Because they are visual-spatial, signed languages are particularly adept at describing space and movement.

5. You can talk through car windows. It’s easy to give directions to a signing friend driving behind or in front.

4. Deaf people who sign have been proven to be more “multilingual”. In a fascinating study lead by UK academic and researcher Sabaji Panda, it was found that if you put two deaf people in a room, who have no shared language, it’s only a matter of hours before they find a way to communicate (imagine trying that with hearing people.) Because signed languages have shorter histories, their grammars typically share certain features, which means that even if two deaf people have no common vocabulary, it takes short time before they can figure out a way to communicate.

3. You can critique a terrible lecture/performance/reading without anyone in the audience hearing you.

2. Unlike Esperanto, that failed international spoken language, International Sign has taken off since the advent of social media. Deaf people often learn and use IS when they travel overseas, skype, and/or present at international deaf conferences and events.

1. A signed language, often referred to as the “natural language of the deaf”, offers deaf people a sense of belonging and a positive identity.\

Italian gestures

Watch this sign conversation without sound.

From 8.12

Italian gestures

In pairs, write the dialogue down and perform it.

Then check by watching with the sound.

Tourist:

Italian:

 

Mandela Memorial Impostor

1. Basic vocab: 

What do these phrases mean in the clip?

showed up
on hand
impaired
moves
calling sb out
prank
scam artist
inordinate
signing
salutation
gibberish

Learn this vocab


service   hands   problem   movements   leaders    case    hearing    suspicious   interpreter

Many prominent ___1____ from around the world went to Nelson Mandela's memorial ___2______ in South Africa and, as is often the-____3_____ at big events like this, they had a sign language ____4______ there to translate for the _____5____ impaired. The only_____6_____ was that the ____7______ the translator was making with his ____8____ made no sense and many people became ____9_____ of him.

Watch:

Mandela Memorial Impostor


2. Fixed expressions: 

Listen again and put these in the order they are used:

As I'm sure you know
on the bright side
a little piece of advice
when in doubt
back up dancer
whatever it was
an inordinate number
if anything at all
complete gibberish
paid tribute
As is often the case











___________
Check:

As I'm sure you know
paid tribute
As is often the case
back up dancer
whatever it was
an inordinate number
if anything at all
complete gibberish
on the bright side
a little piece of advice
when in doubt


Funny:

The world's worst interpreter

Can, could, be able to (for ability)

Watch and do the quiz

Discussion

Communication skills = C

Practical skills = P

Thinking / learning skills = T

decide of the skills below are C, P or T (or a mix of them)

learning languages

map reading

spelling

taking care of people

guessing what will happen in a movie

making speeches

following instructions

managing money

remembering names

telling jokes

fixing up broken things

making decisions

solving computer problems

organizing events

explaining things clearly

understanding poetry

cooking for forty people

designing a website

riding a horse

coaching a football team

Discuss which of the things above you are 

(totally) amazing at

(pretty) good at

(just) okay at

(quite) bad at

(absolutely) terrible at

For example: "I'm absolutely terrible at explaining things clearly"

Next level....

This lesson includes:

• talking about ability in the present and future.
• talking about general ability in the past and ability on specific occasions in the past.
• the different uses of can, could and be able to
• the difference between could never and never could
• using the verbs manage and succeed for past ability

 Practice

Speaking in groups

How many people in this class can you name?

How long can you hold your breath?

How many colours can you name?

How many sounds can you hear right now at this moment?

How languages can you say hello in?

Can you whistle Happy Birthday?

Can you remember what you dreamt last night?

Can you stand on one foot with your eyes closed?

How many times can you say

"She sells sea shells by the sea shore"

Participle Clauses / relative clauses

Relative clauses - basic

Defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses

Participle Clauses (BBC English in 6 mins)

 

suggest   ·   fill   ·   scatter   ·   have   ·   moor

bathe   ·   look   ·   sit   ·   wear

 

1.There are three people ________

 on the grass.    

2.In the background there's a woman

________ in a river.        

3.And there is also a boat _______

 by the river.      

4.In the main group there are two men

 ________ a conversation.          

5.And there's a woman not

________ any clothes _______ at the artist.                        

6.There are some clothes, presumably hers,

_________ about on the ground.             

7.In the foreground there are various things

________  they have had a picnic.            

8.For example there is a basket half

 ________ with fruit.

 

Types of Adverbial Participle Clause

 

Consecutive - one action immediately follows another

It is important that one action happened before another

Cause - because of (since, as) participle clause > x

Condition - the idea of if /when + participle clause, then > x

Simultaneous - two actions happen at the same time

Result - participle clause is a result of x

Practice

practice here

Modals and their functions

             










How many modal verbs are there?


















              Probability   Ability    Permission    Prohibition    Suggestion     Obligation   Request




Can

Could

May

Might

Must

Shall

Should

Will

Would




practice








Classic errors:


You really must to go to bed now.

You don’t can park here.

 You always should keep your PIN in a safe place. 

We often use phrases like these instead of modals:

Have to
Need to
Don't need to / needn't / needn't have
Ought to
Be able to
Be supposed to
Manage to
Be bound to
Had better
Used to
Be used to

There are lots of variations of these. For example, "be bound to" could be: be certain to, be likely to, be unlikely to, be sure to, etc.


Write it down

 

I’m sure to ____________________________________________ before the end of the year.

I’d better ______________________________________________ before the end of the year

I haven't managed to ___________________________________ yet this year.

I don't need to __________________________________________ before the end of the year.

I ought to have __________________________________________ this year

I ought to _______________________________________________ before the end of the year

MODAL	PAST	PRESENT	FUTURE	USAGE
be able to	*	*	*	Shows ability I am / was / will be able / unable to do that.
be supposed to	*	*	*	Shows expectation I am / was supposed to / not supposed to do that.**
be to	*	*	*	Shows strong expectation I am / was to be / am not be there by noon / till noon.**
can / could		*	*	Shows ability or possibility—negative too  I can / can't do that. I could / couldn't do that (tomorrow).
		*		Shows permission or lack of permission (informal, speaking only)  You can / can't have that.
could		*		Request—formal  Could you do that?
	*	*		Shows suggestions  You could do / have done that. Couldn't you do / have done that?
	*	*		Shows limited certainty—under half  They could be/ have been there.
	*	*		Shows impossibility—negative  The keys couldn't be / have been there.
had better		*		Shows advisability  I had better / better not do that.
have got to		*		Shows necessity or lack of necessity  I have got / haven't got to do that.
have to	*	*	*	Shows necessity or lack of necessity I have got/ had / will have to do that. I don't have/ didn't have / won't have to do that.
may		*		Formal request / permission  May I have that? You may have that.
		*	*	Shows limited certainty—under half I may/ may not do that later.**
might		*		Formal request  Might I have that?
		*	*	Shows limited certainty—under half I might do that/ I might not do that.**
must		*	*	Shows strong necessity I must take the car.**
		*	*	Shows prohibition You must not take the car.**
		*		Shows very high certainty  You must be tired after your journey.
ought to		*	*	Shows advisability I ought / ought not to do that.**
		*	*	Shows high certainty I ought to feel better tomorrow.**
shall		*	*	Formal question/suggestion Shall I do that?**
should		*	*	Shows advisability I should / should not do that**
		*	*	Shows high certainty I should feel better tomorrow.**
used to	*			Repeated action in the past  I used / used not to do that regularly.
will		*	*	Shows certainty / willingness I'll / wont be there I'll / won't do it.
		*	*	Formal request Will / won't you do that?**
would		*	*	Formal request Would you do that?**
		*	*	Shows preference I would rather/ would rather not do that.**
	*			Repeated action in the past. I would do that years ago.
		*	*	Shows advisability—negative I wouldn't do that (if I were you).**

Talking about ability

Modal past practice