Monday, March 2, 2026

Before the law and the Emperor's messenger - Kafka

 

Adverbs:
patiently, politely, seriously, quietly, nervously, calmly, desperately

Adjectives:
serious, powerful, mysterious, lonely, weak, loyal, enormous

 

Before the Law – Vocabulary Expansion Version

A ________ man from the countryside comes to a ___________ door that leads to the Law. A _________ gatekeeper stands in front of it. The man asks _________ for permission to enter, but the gatekeeper replies _________ that he cannot allow him to enter at that moment.

The man waits _________. He looks through the _________ open door and tries to see what is inside. The gatekeeper warns him that the Law is _________ powerful and that there are even _________ gatekeepers inside. The man becomes _________ afraid and decides to wait _________ until he receives permission.

He waits for _________ years. He tries to bribe the gatekeeper with his _________ possessions, but the gatekeeper accepts the gifts _________, so that the man will not feel completely _________. As time passes, the man grows _________ and _________. He spends his _________ life sitting near the door.

Just before he dies, he asks in a _________ voice why no one else has come. The gatekeeper answers _________ that this entrance was meant only for him. Now it will be _________ closed.

 

An Imperial Message – Vocabulary Expansion Version

The _________ Emperor has sent you a _________ important message. Before he died, he called his _________ messenger and whispered the message _________ into his ear. He made the messenger repeat it _________ to make sure it was _________ correct.

The messenger immediately begins his _________ journey. He is _________ strong and _________ determined. He pushes _________ through the palace, through _________ crowds of nobles and servants. But the palace is _________ enormous. There are _________ halls, _________ stairways, and _________ courtyards.

Even if he manages to leave the palace, he must cross the _________ capital city. The streets are _________ crowded and _________ difficult to pass. Beyond the city there are _________ mountains and the _________ empire.

The messenger tries _________ with all his strength, but the distance is simply too _________ great. You, however, sit _________ by your window and dream of the message that will _________ arrive.



Practice using adverbs

Agreeing and disagreeing - cars

  

Image result for uncool car


What do you like or dislike about this car?

1. It's too...
2. It's absolutely...
3. It's very...
4. It's a bit...
5. You can't ..... in it
6. You can ...  with it
7. It's really great for ...ing
8. It's not very...
9. It's a good car for a ..... kind of person
10. It's extremely...



Positive or negative comments?

  • It’s too small for long trips.
  • It’s absolutely gorgeous and gets a lot of attention.
  • It’s very good on gas, perfect for everyday use.
  • It’s a bit tight if you have a lot of things.
  • You can’t fit a whole family in it easily.
  • You can park it easily in small spaces.
  • It’s really great for driving around the city.
  • It’s not very fast, so don’t expect speed.
  • It’s a good car for someone who lives in the city and likes style.
  • It’s extremely fun to drive because it handles well.


  • Try creating a dialogue between two or three people about this car. Imagine you're considering buying it.

    A) I think it's absolutely gorgeous and gets a lot of attention.
    B) Do you? I'd say it's a bit tight if you have a lot of things.
    A) I suppose so, but you can park it easily in small spaces.
    B) That's true, but...


    Put these adjectives for a bambina into the best category...

    Fun
    Italian
    Classic
    Vintage
    Modern
    City-friendly
    Daily-use
    Compact
    Small
    Retro
    Sleek
    Adorable
    Lightweight
    Durable
    Colorful


    Opinion

    Size

    Other

    Age

    Shape

    Colour

    Pattern

    Origin

    Material

    Purpose





    What do you like or dislike about this car?

    1. It's too...
    2. It's absolutely...
    3. It's very...
    4. It's a bit...
    5. You can't ..... with it
    6. You can ...  with it
    7. It's really great for ...ing
    8. It's not very...
    9. It's a good car for a ..... kind of person
    10. It's extremely...




    Opinion

    Size

    Other

    Age

    Shape

    Colour

    Pattern

    Origin

    Material

    Purpose






    Sort these phrases into "agreeing" (A) or "disagreeing" (D):

    • I agree with you 100 percent. (   )
    • (strong) I'd say the exact opposite. (   )
    • Not necessarily. (   )
    • That's not always true. (   )
    • That's not always the case. (   )
    • (weak) I suppose so./I guess so. (   )
    • You have a point there. (   )
    • I couldn't agree with you more. (   )
    • That's so true. (   )
    • That's for sure. (   )
    • (Colloquial) Tell me about it! (   )
    • You're absolutely right. (   )
    • Absolutely. (   )
    • I don't think so. (   )
    • (strong) No way. (   )
    • I'm afraid I disagree. (   )
    • (strong) I totally disagree. (   )
    • Absolute rubbish. (   )
    • No, I'm not so sure about that. (   )
    • That's exactly how I feel. (   )
    • Exactly. (   )
    • I'm afraid I agree with James. (   )
    • I have to side with Dad on this one. (   )
    • No doubt about it. (   )
    • Me neither. (   )
    • I was just going to say that. (   )


    Strongest Agreement to Weakest Agreement:

    1. I agree with you ____ percent.
    2. I couldn't agree with you m_____.
    3. You're a________ly right.
    4. A________ly.
    5. No doubt a_____ it.
    6. That's e_____ly how I feel.
    7. That's so t_____.
    8. That's for s_____.
    9. You have a p______ there.
    10. I s________ so./I g_____ so.
    11. Tell me a______ it!
    12. I was j_____ going to s___ that.

     

    Weakest Disagreement to Strongest Disagreement:

    1. Not n_______ly.
    2. That's not a______s true.
    3. That's not always t___ c_____.
    4. No, I'm not s___ s____ about that.
    5. I'm af______ I agree with James.
    6. I have to side w____ Dad on this one.
    7. I'm afraid I d________.
    8. I beg t__ differ.
    9. I don't t______ so.
    10. (strong) I'd s___ the exact opposite.
    11. (strong) No w___.
    12. (strong) I t_______ly disagree.

    Strongest Agreement to Weakest Agreement:

    1. I agree with you 100 percent.
    2. I couldn't agree with you more.
    3. You're absolutely right.
    4. Absolutely.
    5. No doubt about it.
    6. That's exactly how I feel.
    7. That's so true.
    8. That's for sure.
    9. You have a point there.
    10. I suppose so./I guess so.
    11. Tell me about it!
    12. I was just going to say that.

    Weakest Disagreement to Strongest Disagreement:

    1. Not necessarily.
    2. That's not always true.
    3. That's not always the case.
    4. No, I'm not so sure about that.
    5. I'm afraid I agree with James.
    6. I have to side with Dad on this one.
    7. I'm afraid I disagree.
    8. I beg to differ.
    9. I don't think so.
    10. (strong) I'd say the exact opposite.
    11. (strong) No way.
    12. (strong) I totally disagree.

    Let's look again at those positive and negative comments....

    Image result for uncool car

  • It’s too small for long trips.
  • It’s absolutely gorgeous and gets a lot of attention.
  • It’s very good on gas, perfect for everyday use.
  • It’s a bit tight if you have a lot of things.
  • You can’t fit a whole family in it easily.
  • You can park it easily in small spaces.
  • It’s really great for driving around the city.
  • It’s not very fast, so don’t expect speed.
  • It’s a good car for someone who lives in the city and likes style.
  • It’s extremely fun to drive because it handles well.


  • Try creating a dialogue between two or three people about this car. Imagine you're considering buying it. Use phrases to agree and disagree.  Add a few of these phrases in as well

    However
    But
    And
    Plus
    As well
    All the same
    On the other hand
    Mind you
    Furthermore


    A) I think it's absolutely gorgeous and gets a lot of attention.
    B) Do you? I'd say it's a bit tight if you have a lot of things.
    A) I suppose so, but you can park it easily in small spaces.
    B) That's true, but...






    Put these adjectives in the boxes and try to guess the car....

    Iconic

    Retro

    Beloved

    Charming

    Versatile

    Family-friendly

    Sturdy

    Lightweight

    German

    Classic

    Vintage

    Timeless

    Spacious

    Roomy





    Opinion

    Size

    Other

    Age

    Shape

    Colour

    Pattern

    Origin

    Material

    Purpose








    Image result for combi



    What do you like or dislike about this car?

    1. It's too...
    2. It's absolutely...
    3. It's very...
    4. It's a bit...
    5. You can't ..... with it
    6. You can ...  with it
    7. It's really great for ...ing
    8. It's not very...
    9. It's a good car for a ..... kind of person
    10. It's extremely...

    Add some phrases for agreement and disagreement into your conversation.





    Image result for extremely uncool car

    What do you like or dislike about this car?

    1. It's too...
    2. It's absolutely...
    3. It's very...
    4. It's a bit...
    5. You can't ..... with it
    6. You can ...  with it
    7. It's really great for ...ing
    8. It's not very...
    9. It's a good car for a ..... kind of person
    10. It's extremely...

    Add some phrases for agreement and disagreement into your conversation.


    Opinion

    Size

    Other

    Age

    Shape

    Colour

    Pattern

    Origin

    Material

    Purpose




    Image result for low rider


    great    Let’s      Definitely    see x 2    flashy    still    unique    rough roads     just   True   practical 

    carry    someone 

    Alex: I think it’s too ______ for everyday driving.

    Jordan: (__________________________). I think t’s absolutely _______! You won’t see many like it.

    Alex: It’s very low to the ground, which can be a problem on _______.

    Jordan: I agree, but (_______________________) it’s a bit of a show car, so it’s not  _____ for driving.

    Alex: (________________________)You can’t ______ a lot of passengers with it, right?

    Jordan: ____, but (___________________________) you can have a lot of fun cruising around town with friends.

    Alex: (_______________________________). It’s really _____ for making a statement and showing off in style.

    Jordan: Yes, (_____________________________) but it’s not very ______ for long trips.

    Alex: It’s a good car for _______ who loves cars and customization.

    Jordan: ________! (__________________________________) And it’s extremely popular in car culture.

    Alex: I _____ your point, but I’m _____ not sure if it’s a smart choice for me.

    Jordan: (___________________________________) Maybe we should test drive one to ___ how it feels!

    Alex: That sounds like a good idea. ____ do it!

     

    Add some phrases for agreement and disagreement into the yellow bits.




    Opinion

    Size

    Other

    Age

    Shape

    Colour

    Pattern

    Origin

    Material

    Purpose

















    Have an in-depth conversation about cars – use the images to help you  cover different  aspects (positive and negative) of the topic. Take your time.

     

     

     

     

     


    Take notes about things you discussed here – we will use this in feedback

     

    Picture 1

     

    Picture 2

     

    Picture 3

     

    Picture 4

     

    Picture 5

     

    Picture 6

     

    Picture 7

     

    General conclusions:



    1. Agreeing (from soft to strong)

    Casual Agreement

    • Yeah, I see what you ______.
    • That’s a fair ______.
    • True, ______.
    • I was thinking the same ______.

    Words: mean · point · actually · thing

     

    Strong Agreement

    • I completely ______ with you on that.
    • Absolutely — especially when you ______…
    • That’s exactly my ______!
    • You’ve taken the words right out of my ______.

    Words: mouth · point · consider · agree

     

    Building on Someone’s Idea

    • I agree, and I’d ______ that…
    • That’s true, and it also ______ that…
    • Exactly — and another ______ is…
    • I couldn’t agree more, particularly ______…

    Words: add · thing · means · because

     

    2. Disagreeing (politely but confidently)

    Soft Disagreement

    • I’m not totally ______.
    • I see your point, but I’m not ______.
    • That might be true in some ______, but…
    • I get what you’re saying, ______…

    Words: cases · convinced · however · sure

     

    Clear Disagreement

    • I have to ______ there.
    • I don’t really see it that ______.
    • I think the ______ is true.
    • I strongly disagree ______…

    Words: because · opposite · way · disagree

     

    Challenging an Idea

    • But isn’t it also ______ that…?
    • Have you ______ that…?
    • What about the ______ that…?
    • I’d ______ that…

    Words: argue · considered · true · fact

     

     

     

    3. Changing the Picture or Topic

    Moving to Another Picture

    • Let’s take a look at the next ______.
    • Turning to this ______…
    • Now, if we ______ on this one…
    • Moving on from accidents to something more ______…

    Words: image · focus · picture · positive

     

    Shifting Perspective

    • Looking at it from another ______…
    • On the other ______…
    • That brings us to a different ______…
    • But we haven’t talked ______…

    Words: issue · angle · about · hand

     

    Refocusing the Discussion

    • The bigger ______ is…
    • What really ______ here is…
    • Instead of focusing on that, we should ______…
    • Let’s not forget ______…

    Words: about · matters · consider · question

     

    4. Making Positive Points

    General Positives

    • One clear ______ is…
    • This highlights the ______ of…
    • It gives people the ______ to…
    • It makes life far more ______.

    Words: convenient · opportunity · advantage · benefits

     

    5. Making Negative Points

     Problems & Risks

    • One major ______ is…
    • This raises serious ______ about…
    • It can result ______…
    • This creates more problems than it ______.

    Words: concerns · drawback · solves · in

     

     

      Speaking Phrases Checklist - Tick each phrase you successfully use.


    Agreeing (from soft to strong)

    Casual Agreement

    1. ☐ Yeah, I see what you mean.
    2. ☐ That’s a fair point.
    3. ☐ True, actually.
    4. ☐ I was thinking the same thing.

    Strong Agreement

    1. ☐ I completely agree with you on that.
    2. ☐ Absolutely — especially when you consider
    3. ☐ That’s exactly my point!
    4. ☐ You’ve taken the words right out of my mouth.

    Building on Someone’s Idea

    1. ☐ I agree, and I’d add that…
    2. ☐ That’s true, and it also means that…
    3. ☐ Exactly — and another thing is…
    4. ☐ I couldn’t agree more, particularly because

    Disagreeing (politely but confidently)

    Soft Disagreement

    1. ☐ I’m not totally sure.
    2. ☐ I see your point, but I’m not convinced.
    3. ☐ That might be true in some cases, but…
    4. ☐ I get what you’re saying, however

    Clear Disagreement

    1. ☐ I have to disagree there.
    2. ☐ I don’t really see it that way.
    3. ☐ I think the opposite is true.
    4. ☐ I strongly disagree because

    Challenging an Idea

    1. ☐ But isn’t it also true that…?
    2. ☐ Have you considered that…?
    3. ☐ What about the fact that…?
    4. ☐ I’d argue that…

    Changing the Picture or Topic

    Moving to Another Picture

    1. ☐ Let’s take a look at the next picture.
    2. ☐ Turning to this image
    3. ☐ Now, if we focus on this one…
    4. ☐ Moving on from accidents to something more positive

    Shifting Perspective

    1. ☐ Looking at it from another angle
    2. ☐ On the other hand
    3. ☐ That brings us to a different issue
    4. ☐ But we haven’t talked about

     

     


     







    Paul: So?

    Emir: I'm _____ convinced by that idea.

    Paul: Why?

    Emir: Well, this design is just ____ simple. 

    Paul: It's ____ simple, it's minimal. _____, it's what the client ______ for.

    Emir: I'm not ____ sure. Look … Look at these designs here. I think _____ is the style that the client wants.

    Paul: Hmmm … I think I _________. They said they wanted it clean and minimal.

    Emir: These designs ______ clean and minimal. 

    Paul: Look, ______ get me ________, Emir. I like them, but I don't think they _____ the _______. For example, here, there's just a bit too much going _____.

    Emir: OK, I _____ what you mean, ______ without all the colour, it would look a bit … empty. 

    Paul: _____. OK, _____ about taking that and that away? So it ______ looks interesting, but less busy. 

    Emir: OK … maybe you've ______ a point there. Actually, that has _______ me an idea.

    Emir: So we remove the blue. I think that creates a ______ balance.

    Paul: Yeah, yeah. I think you're right. Changing the circles helped _____. 

    Emir: I agree. So we're _______ with this now?

    Paul: Yes, __________. 

    Emir: So it looks like we ______ agree!

    Paul: ____________. 

     



    Sunday, March 1, 2026

    Oulipo and other outside-the-box approaches to writing

    1. N + 7 Generator

    Take piece of poetry or prose, substitute the nouns for the seventh noun that comes after that noun in the dictionary.

     
    The Red Wheelbarrow 


    so much depends 

    upon 

    a red wheel 

    barrow 

    glazed with rain 

    water 

    beside the white 

    chickens. 



    Enter it into the N + 7 generator and the result is: 


    The Red Whelp 

    so much depends 

    upon 

    a red whelk 

    basilica 

    glazed with raisin 

    waterproof 

    beside the white 

    childhoods. 



    Try it with a verse or two from this famous NZ poem:

    Rain

    I can hear you
    making small holes
    in the silence
    rain

    If I were deaf
    the pores of my skin
    would open to you
    and shut

    And I
    should know you
    by the lick of you
    if I were blind

    the something
    special smell of you
    when the sun cakes
    the ground

    the steady
    drum-roll sound
    you make
    when the wind drops

    But if I
    should not hear
    smell or feel or see
    you

    you would still
    define me
    disperse me
    wash over me
    rain



    There's even an N + 7 machine in the web!

    Type in a simple text of your own, then press submit. See what you get!


    N + 7 Machine 



    2. Snowball



    I 

    am 

    the 

    text 

    which 

    begins 

    sparely, 

    assuming 

    magnitude 

    constantly, 

    perceptibly 

    proportional, 

    incorporating 

    unquestionable 

    incrementations. 




    Try it yourself.





    3. Lipogram


    A lipogram is a text composed deliberately without a particular letter, such as the letter 't'.


    Excerpt from Gadsby, by Earnest Vincent Wright


    "Now, any author, from history's dawn, always had that most important aid to writing:—an ability to call upon any word in his dictionary in building up his story. That is, our strict laws as to word construction did not block his path. But in my story that mighty obstruction will constantly stand in my path; for many an important, common word I cannot adopt, owing to its orthography."


    Which letter is missing?



    Here are some notes from my travel diaries 20 years ago!


    On the promenade at sunrise 

      

    Sun emerges dying everything apricot. Old-timers congregate. Small boats lay out nets. Crows and beggars try their luck. The sea impossibly smooth. Enormous dead rat having its guts pecked by crows. A dog yawns in the sun. 

      

        

    On the promenade at midnight  

      

    Children frolicking around the feet of the MG Monument. Twinkling lights of far-off fishing boats.     

      

      

    India’s filthiest restaurant  

      

    One waiter coughing incessantly over the customers while a cross-eyed youth continuously bumped into tables. Up on the hotel rooftop I watched the full moon struggle through the smog. Came back to the room to immaculately pressed laundry. 

      

      

    Try rewriting one of the excerpts without a crucial letter, such as 't', or 's'. It's really challenging and really interesting.


    4. The abecedarian


    These can be narrative

    Alice wanted to go to the park
    But knew she had to study for
    Class. Still, her friend
    Diana asked her to go, and she was
    Eager to get some fresh air.


    Or you could try to write sentences where the words occur in alphabetical order.


    Any bold, clever, daring explorer faces great hurdles, including jealous kings, lying mariners, native occupants, pusillanimous queens, really sneaky tyrants, usually vying with xenophobic young zealots.

    A boisterous clown does every foolish game: hurling icicles, juggling kaleidoscopes, laughing maniacally, neglecting old pants, quickly revealing sparkling tight underwear, vamping while x-raying your zebra.

    Artistically assembled, bagpipes blow, creating cacophony; drums deliver, echoes ensuing; flutes follow, generating gentleness; harmonicas help, in instances; jew’s-harps join, keeping kosher; lutes lightly make music noteworthy; now, oboes outclassed, piccolos peep quite quickly; rebecs reply so softly; the tuba, used untiringly, varies vastly while, with xyloid xylophones, yammers ye zesty zither.




    5. Eunoia


    Eunoia is a book by Christian Bök


    There are 5 sections based on the vowels A, E, I, O, and U
     
     
    from Chapter A 
    (for Hans Arp) 
     
    Awkward grammar appals a craftsman. A Dada bard 
    as daft as Tzara damns stagnant art and scrawls an 
    alpha (a slapdash arc and a backward zag) that mars 
    all stanzas and jams all ballads (what a scandal). A 
    madcap vandal crafts a small black ankh – a hand- 
    stamp that can stamp a wax pad and at last plant a 
    mark that sparks an ars magna (an abstract art that 
    charts a phrasal anagram). A pagan skald chants a dark 
    saga (a Mahabharata), as a papal cabal blackballs all 
    annals and tracts, all dramas and psalms: Kant and 
    Kafka, Marx and Marat. A law as harsh as a fatwa bans 
    all paragraphs that lack an A as a standard hallmark. 
     
     
     
     

     
    from Chapter E 
    (for René Crevel) 
     
    Enfettered, these sentences repress free speech. The 
    text deletes selected letters. We see the revered exegete 
    reject metred verse: the sestet, the tercet – even les 
    scènes élevées en grec. He rebels. He sets new precedents. 
    He lets cleverness exceed decent levels. He eschews the 
    esteemed genres, the expected themes – even les belles 
    lettres en vers. He prefers the perverse French esthetes: 
    Verne, Péret, Genet, Perec – hence, he pens fervent 
    screeds, then enters the street, where he sells these let- 
    terpress newsletters, three cents per sheet. He engen- 
    ders perfect newness wherever we need fresh terms. 
     
     
     
     
     
    from Chapter I 
    (for Dick Higgins) 
     
    Writing is inhibiting. Sighing, I sit, scribbling in ink 
    this pidgin script. I sing with nihilistic witticism, 
    disciplining signs with trifling gimmicks – impish 
    hijinks which highlight stick sigils. Isn’t it glib? 
    Isn’t it chic? I fit childish insights within rigid limits, 
    writing shtick which might instill priggish misgiv- 
    ings in critics blind with hindsight. I dismiss nit- 
    picking criticism which flirts with philistinism. I 
    bitch; I kibitz – griping whilst criticizing dimwits, 
    sniping whilst indicting nitwits, dismissing simplis- 
    tic thinking, in which philippic wit is still illicit. 
     

     
    from Chapter O 
    (for Yoko Ono) 
     
    Loops on bold fonts now form lots of words for books. 
    Books form cocoons of comfort – tombs to hold book- 
    worms. Profs from Oxford show frosh who do post- 
    docs how to gloss works of Wordsworth. Dons who 
    work for proctors or provosts do not fob off school to 
    work on crosswords, nor do dons go off to dorm 
    rooms to loll on cots. Dons go crosstown to look for 
    bookshops known to stock lots of top-notch goods: 
    cookbooks, workbooks – room on room of how-to 
    books for jocks (how to jog, how to box), books on 
    pro sports: golf or polo. Old colophons on school- 
    books from schoolrooms sport two sorts of logo: ob- 
    long whorls, rococo scrolls – both on worn morocco. 
     
     
     
     

    from Chapter U 
    (for Zhu Yu) 
     
    Kultur spurns Ubu – thus Ubu pulls stunts. Ubu shuns 
    Skulptur: Uruk urns (plus busts), Zulu jugs (plus 
    tusks). Ubu sculpts junk für Kunst und Glück. Ubu 
    busks. Ubu drums drums, plus Ubu strums cruths 
    (such hubbub, such ruckus): thump, thump; thrum, 
    thrum. Ubu puns puns. Ubu blurts untruth: much 
    bunkum (plus bull), much humbug (plus bunk) – but 
    trustful schmucks trust such untruthful stuff; thus 
    Ubu (cult guru) must bluff dumbstruck numbskulls 
    (such chumps). Ubu mulcts surplus funds (trust 
    funds plus slush funds). Ubu usurps much usufruct. 
    Ubu sums up lump sums. Ubu trumps dumb luck.