the Whiteboard

historical inaccuracy edit funnels captain wreckage flares SS California realistic portrayal audience love story director distress signal lifeboat below deck escape scene climactic scene to showcase Hollywood special effects star third-class flooding perished boarding character fictional survivor iceberg acclaimed script cast passengers tragedy rescue searchlights impact vessel collision depict

Check

survivor

iceberg

impact

vessel

collision

passengers

tragedy

rescue

searchlights

funnels

captain

wreckage

flares

SS California

distress signal

lifeboat

below deck

third-class

flooding

perished

boarding

character

fictional

depict

escape

scene

climactic scene

realistic

portrayal

audience

love story

director

to showcase

Hollywood

historical inaccuracy

edit

acclaimed

script

cast

special effects

star

1. The band played as the ship sank

2. Jack Dawson and Rose DeWitt Bukater

3. Use of flashlights during the search for survivors

4. How the iceberg sank the ship

5. The ship splitting in two

6. Rescue by the RMS Carpathia

7. Insufficient number of lifeboats

8. First Officer William Murdoch’s actions

9. Elderly couple refusing to leave and dying together

10. Class discrimination with the lifeboats

1. The band played as the ship sank (True)

One of the most dramatic and heroic moments in the movie is when the ship’s band continues to play as the Titanic sinks. Surprisingly, this actually happened. Survivors of the real RMS Titanic have confirmed that the band played in an effort to calm passengers, even amidst the chaos of the sinking. They played until the very end, with the belief that the last song performed was “Nearer, My God, to Thee.” It was a touching and tragic display of dedication.

2. Jack Dawson and Rose DeWitt Bukater (False)

Love stories often add depth to movies, and Titanic is no exception. However, the characters of Jack and Rose were entirely fictional creations by James Cameron. While their sacrifices for each other may mirror real events involving passengers on board, their presence on the ship was purely fictional. The evidence, such as a third-class passenger casually entering the first-class dining area, points to their fictional nature. Though it’s worth noting that there was a Joseph Dawson on the ship, it was merely a coincidence.

3. Use of flashlights during the search for survivors (False)

The scene depicting crew members using flashlights to search for survivors in the freezing ocean is memorable but historically inaccurate. Flashlights were not employed during the Titanic’s search and rescue efforts in 1912 since they had only recently been invented and were not commonly used at the time. James Cameron himself has acknowledged this inaccuracy, admitting that it was added for convenience in the scene. Other historical inaccuracies, like Jack’s modern handcuffs, can also be found in the movie.

4. How the iceberg sank the ship (True)

It is widely known that the Titanic sank due to colliding with an iceberg. The movie’s depiction of the iceberg’s impact is remarkably accurate. Director James Cameron meticulously studied the wreck of the Titanic and survivors’ accounts, ensuring that the calm before the collision, the collision itself, and the ensuing chaos were depicted realistically. The size and impact force of the iceberg were faithfully recreated, making these crucial moments in the film as believable as possible.

5. The ship splitting in two (True)

The climactic scene in Titanic showcases passengers desperately clinging to the ship as it rises out of the water, breaks in half, and sinks. While it was initially believed that the Titanic sank as one intact vessel, subsequent studies of the wreckage revealed that it indeed split between the second and third funnels. As water flooded one side of the ship due to the iceberg damage, the other side lifted out of the water, eventually breaking off. The movie’s portrayal aligns with this historical discovery.

6. Rescue by the RMS Carpathia (True) When the Titanic crew realized they were in trouble, they fired flares and sent out distress signals, as shown in the film. The RMS Carpathia promptly responded and arrived at the scene approximately four hours later to aid in the rescue efforts. However, omitted from the movie was the fact that another ship, the SS California, was much closer but failed to respond to the distress calls. The radio operator had turned off the ship’s radio, and the captain chose to ignore the Titanic’s distress rockets. Official inquiries concluded that this inaction led to a greater loss of life. Although James Cameron filmed this sequence, he ultimately removed it for a cleaner narrative.

7. Insufficient number of lifeboats (True) In the movie, we witness passengers frantically attempting to board the limited number of lifeboats to escape the sinking Titanic. This accurately reflects the reality. The Titanic carried enough lifeboats to accommodate 1,178 people, which was approximately one-third of the ship’s total capacity. Shockingly, this number exceeded the legal requirement.

8. First Officer William Murdoch’s actions (False) While Titanic features a few fictional villains, First Officer William Murdoch, who is portrayed as angrily dismissing and shooting passengers before turning the gun on himself, is based on a real character. However, Murdoch was far from a villain. In reality, he was hailed as a hero for his actions, helping fill approximately ten lifeboats with passengers before losing his own life in the disaster. James Cameron admitted to taking creative liberties when depicting Murdoch’s story, although he portrayed the Titanic’s captain, Smith, as a hero. The captain’s fate, as seen in the film, remains disputed.

9. Elderly couple refusing to leave and dying together (True) One memorable scene in Titanic portrays an elderly couple embracing each other on their bed as water floods their room. This scene is inspired by the heartwarming story of Isidor and Ida Straus. In accordance with the “women and children first” protocol, Ida was offered a seat on a lifeboat but refused to leave her husband’s side. Although the movie does not depict it, Isidor reportedly declined a place beside her, insisting that women and children go first. As Ida’s maid boarded a lifeboat, Ida selflessly gave her fur coat to keep her warm. The couple was last seen arm in arm on the ship’s deck, and they perished together.

10. Class discrimination with the lifeboats (False) Contrary to the movie’s portrayal, there was no class discrimination when it came to loading passengers onto lifeboats. When the severity of the situation became apparent, the crew’s priority was to evacuate as many people as possible, regardless of their wealth or class. Women and children were given priority during the boarding process. The scene depicting third-class passengers being locked below deck is entirely fictional. The crew’s focus was solely on saving lives, without discrimination based on class.

Practice for Comparatives and Superlatives (Elementary)

Watch two useful videos:

Comparative Adjectives

Superlative Adjectives

Practice

Comparatives and superlatives

Superlatives

Wednesday, May 27, 2026

The English we speak

totwigtomoochth
eflipsidetothro
wyourtoysoutoft
hepramontheflyt
hatsonyoumakesm
yskincrawlanuph
illtaskturnover
anewleaffindyou
rgroovesecondna
turetaketheplun
gepeaksandtroug
hsheavylifting
stompingground
toclutchatstraw
soffthecuffdoth
etrickinonit

1. To twig

2. To mooch

3. The flip side

4. To throw your toys out of the pram

5. On the fly

6. That's on you

7. Makes my skin crawl

8. An uphill task

9. Turn over a new leaf

10. Find your groove

11. Second nature

Conversation

The phrase:

The meaning of the phrase:

Part of speech: noun / verb / adjective / adverb

Synonyms:

Situations used:

Examples of usage:

_______________________________________________________________________

Write an example of your own:

_______________________________________________________________________

1. Have you ever had one of those moments when it suddenly 'twigs' for you, and everything makes sense? What was it about?

2. Have you mooched around anywhere recently? Where? What did you find?

3. What's the good side of being from your country? What's the flip side?

4. Do you sometimes throw your toys out of the pram? What makes you get that angry?

5. What kinds of things do you like to do 'on the fly' instead of planning them?

6. Have you ever been in a situation where someone said, 'That's on you'? We're they right?

7. What’s something that always makes your skin crawl, no matter how many times you see it?

8. What’s been the most challenging 'uphill task' you've ever faced, and how did you manage to get through it?

9. Have you ever had a moment where you felt the need to 'turn over a new leaf'? What motivated that change?

10. At what point did you 'find your groove' in New Zealand? Are you still trying to?

11. What’s something that you can do without thinking about it, because it’s become second nature to you?

1. To tw___ (finally understand)

2. To m___ch (walk around)

3. The _____ side (the opposite perspective)

4. To _____ your toys out of the _____ (lose your cool)

5. ____ the fly (without planning)

6. T_____ on you (it’s your fault)

7. Makes my _____ crawl (you absolutely hate it)

8. An ______ task (it’s not easy)

9. Turn ____ a new ____ (to make a big change in your life)

10. _____ your groove (to start to feel comfortable and confident about something)

11. ________ nature (it’s pretty easy for you to do)

Some more!

12. Take the plunge

13. Peaks and troughs

14. Heavy lifting

15. Stomping ground

16. To clutch at straws

1. What’s the biggest plunge you’ve ever taken that ended up being totally worth it?

2. How do you handle those peaks and troughs in life, especially when things feel like they’re at their lowest?

3. Have you ever been part of a project or job where it was you who had to do most of the “heavy lifting”?

4. Do you have a particular place or area that always feels like your stomping ground, where you’re just so comfortable?

5. Have you ever been in a situation where you felt like you were clutching at straws, trying anything to make things work?

6. Do you prefer to make decisions on the spot, or do you like to plan things out ahead of time?

7. What’s a quick fix or solution that you’ve found always does the trick when you’re feeling unfocused.

8. Is there ever a time when you felt left out of something, like you weren’t "in on it" with the group?

9. Have you ever experienced something that seemed like a million to one chance but actually happened? What was that like?

Here is the clean Kahoot quiz version (20 questions) with no answers marked, no bold text, and no icons.

Kahoot Quiz: The English We Speak Phrases

1
What does “bite the bullet” mean?
A. Avoid a problem
B. Face something difficult bravely
C. Celebrate success
D. Ask for help

2
If someone says “my bad”, what do they mean?
A. Your fault
B. My mistake
C. I am angry
D. I am confused

3
“Wing it” means…
A. Fly somewhere
B. Improvise without preparation
C. Ask for help
D. Follow instructions

4
If something is “a walk in the park”, it is…
A. Boring
B. Dangerous
C. Very easy
D. Expensive

5
“Out of the loop” means…
A. In trouble
B. Not informed about something
C. Very busy
D. Very tired

6
“Step on it!” means…
A. Walk carefully
B. Stop immediately
C. Hurry up
D. Drive slowly

7
If someone is “salty”, they are…
A. Hungry
B. Annoyed or bitter
C. Very happy
D. Very tired

8
“Spill the tea” means…
A. Make tea
B. Drink tea
C. Tell gossip or secrets
D. Break something

9
“Take one for the team” means…
A. Join a sports team
B. Sacrifice for others
C. Win a competition
D. Quit a group

10
“Let sleeping dogs lie” means…
A. Wake animals
B. Avoid restarting an old problem
C. Take a nap
D. Ignore animals

11
“Flexing” means…
A. Exercising
B. Showing off
C. Working hard
D. Helping someone

12
If you “have a go”, you…
A. Leave quickly
B. Try something
C. Buy something
D. Break something

13
“Down in the dumps” means…
A. Very sick
B. Very sad
C. Angry
D. Busy

14
“Bang on about something” means…
A. Hit something
B. Talk about something too much
C. Forget something
D. Break something

15
If you “rub it in”, you…
A. Clean something
B. Help someone
C. Remind someone of their mistake
D. Fix something

16
“Low-key” means…
A. Loud
B. Obvious
C. Quiet or slightly
D. Serious

17
If someone is “bone idle”, they are…
A. Very smart
B. Extremely lazy
C. Very strong
D. Very tired

18
A “whizz-kid” is…
A. A naughty child
B. A very talented young person
C. A funny person
D. A slow learner

19
“Put someone on the map” means…
A. Show directions
B. Make someone famous
C. Help someone travel
D. Give someone a job

20
“A sting in the tail” means…
A. A painful injury
B. A surprising unpleasant ending
C. A happy ending
D. A long story

Monday, May 25, 2026

Asking a Favour

Polite & Formal

Could you possibly…?
Would you mind (doing)…?
I was wondering if you could…
I’d really appreciate it if you could…
Would it be too much trouble to…?

Friendly & Neutral

Can you do me a favour?
Can I ask you a favour?
Could you help me with…?
Would you be able to…?
Do you think you could…?

Casual

Hey, can you give me a hand?
Any chance you could…?
Mind helping me out?
Could you lend me a hand?
Can you help me out with…?

Speaking - Asking a favour (B1)

Noelia: Paul, ____ _____ _____ ____ ______? I need a favour.

Paul: I'm ___ ____ ______, but sure, what ___ I help you _____?

Noelia: So, you know the branding job for Active Arctic?

Paul: Of course. It was so good to finally finish that project. It went on and on and on …

Noelia: Yeah, so … look, I'm _____ ______ _____ _____, but they want some more changes made.

Paul: Seriously? I've already rewritten that copy, I don't know, like, 20 times?

Noelia: I know. I'm ____ _____. ____ you ____ _____ to work on it this afternoon?

Paul: Well, ____ _____ _____ _____ ____ _____ _____, Noelia. I'm finishing the Moosh Monkey social media campaign and they're expecting it by the end of the day.

Noelia: I'd forgotten about that. ___ _____ _____ _____ you could work late tonight?

Paul: Sorry, Noelia. I ____ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____ _____.

Noelia: ______?

Paul: I'm taking my niece to the cinema for her birthday. It's been planned for ages.

Noelia: OK. Well, then ____ _____ _____ _____ _____ tomorrow? I'll make it up to you!

Paul: OK. How?

Noelia: _____ your _____.

Paul: An extra day's holiday?

Noelia: Can you get in for 5 a.m.?

Paul: 7 a.m.

Noelia: 6 a.m.

Paul: _____.

Role play

Role-Play: Asking for a Favour

Instructions

Work in pairs – Student A and Student B.
One person asks for a favour, the other responds.
Use at least two different phrases from the “Useful Phrases” box.
Swap roles after each scenario.
Add polite thanks and responses.

Useful Phrases – Asking

Could you possibly…?
Would you mind…?
I was wondering if you could…
I’d really appreciate it if you could…
Would it be too much trouble to…?
Can you do me a favour?
Can I ask you a favour?
Could you help me with…?
Any chance you could…?
Could you lend me a hand?

Useful Phrases – Responding

Sure, no problem.
Of course.
I’d be happy to.
Sorry, I can’t right now.
I’m afraid I’m busy, but maybe later.

Scenarios

Moving furniture – You need help lifting a table into another room.
Borrowing something – You want to borrow your friend’s laptop for a few hours.
Giving a ride – You need a lift to the train station.
Covering a shift – You ask your colleague to work for you on Friday.
Helping with homework – You ask a classmate to explain a difficult exercise.
Taking care of a pet – You need someone to feed your cat while you’re away.
Shopping help – You ask a friend to go to the supermarket with you.
Technology help – You want someone to help you set up your new phone.

Example

A: Can I ask you a favour?
B: Sure, what is it?
A: Would you mind helping me carry this box upstairs?
B: No problem. Where to?

Speaking - Persuading someone to do something (B2)

Noelia: Hey, Paul, ____ ____ ____ a minute?

Paul: ____ on, _____.

Noelia: I've got a _____ _____ ____ ask you.

Paul: Right.

Noelia: So … _____ would you _____ about DJ___ at the office party next week?

Paul: Office party? I _____ usually ____ work parties.

Noelia: Oh, right. So where do you usually DJ ____?

Paul: No, I _____ I don't usually go to work parties, ____ ____ DJ at them.

Noelia: ____ on, I think you'd ____ brilliant ____ it!

Paul: Oh, I don't know …

Noelia: _____, I _______ usually ask, _____ you are the only DJ I know.

Paul: I'm not a very good one ______. My music taste is … quite strange. Everyone will probably hate it.

Noelia: Come on! These guys will dance to anything when they are at a party! Why don't you ____ ___ __ ___? You'll be great!

Paul: Urgh … I think I'm _______ busy that day anyway.

Noelia: Come on! There's ______ to ____!

Paul: _______ my reputation and credibility …

Noelia: Paul, you'd really ____ _____ me ____.

Paul: OK, I'll ____ _____ it.

Noelia: Great! Thanks, Paul!

Match the three stages of asking for a favour with the phrases.

1. Set the Stage

2. Give a Reason

3. Provide an Escape Clause

A) “If you can’t help out, I completely understand, but I thought I’d ask.”

B) “something really unexpected has happened”

C) “I have a favour to ask you”

Consider the following:

A) Anthony, can you please cover for me at the client dinner tonight, I’m not going to be able to break away from the office?

B) Anthony, I have a favor to ask you… by any chance could you cover for me at the client dinner tonight? I’m not going to be able to break away from the office.

Quickly after making your request, be sure to add the following:

I completely _________ if you can’t make it; I _____ it’s a busy week for everyone.

I’d love an introduction to Katherine, but if you don’t feel ________ passing along her information for any reason that’s _____. I don’t _____ to create an uncomfortable situation for you.

Role plays:

1. Your child refuses to tidy up their room.

2. You need someone to give you a ride to the airport at 4a.m.

3. You've got a heavy couch that you need to move from one house to another. Your friend has a van.

4. You're going away for a week and need someone to feed your cat.

5. You have a great neighbour and you're good friends, but lately he's been using his barbeque every night and the smoke comes into your house if you have the windows open.

6. Someone you know is starting a new job at a company you want to work for. You've sent them your CV twice, but they've never replied. You want to ask them to recommend you for an interview.

Here are ten ways of persuading (or forcing) someone to do you a special favour. Rank them from the most acceptable to the least acceptable method.

Flattery
Bribery
Threatening
Flirtation
Charm
Pleading
Begging
Demanding
Blackmail
A polite request

Role plays:

Your child refuses to tidy up their room.

You need someone to give you a ride to the airport at 4a.m.

You've got a heavy couch that you need to move from one house to another. Your friend has a van.

You're going away for a week and need someone to feed your cat.

You have a great neighbour and you're good friends, but lately he's been using his barbeque every night and the smoke comes into your house if you have the windows open.

Someone you know is starting a new job at a company you want to work for. You've sent them your CV twice but they've never replied. You want to ask them to recommend you for an interview.

Asking for a favour which is granted

Peter: Hi Anna. I've got a f________ to ask. Would you m____ cooking dinner tonight? I'm kind of busy.
Anna: Sure, Peter. What w_____ you like for dinner?
Peter: Could I tr______ you to make some pasta?
Anna: That s_____s good. Let's have pasta. Which type of sauce should I make?
Peter: W____ it be too m____ trouble to make a four cheese sauce?
Anna: No, that's easy. Yum. Good idea.
Peter: Thanks Anna. That really h__ps me out.
Anna: No pr_______.

Mark: Hey, could you please help me w____ the homework?
Susan: I'd be gl___ to help out. What s____s to be the problem?
Mark: I don't get this equation. Would you ____d explaining it to me?
Susan: No pr______. It's difficult!
Mark: Yeah, I know. Thanks a lot.
Susan: Don't w_____ about it.

Asking for a favour which is refused

Employee: Hello, Mr. Smith. C____ I ask you a question?
Boss: S__, w____ do you need?
Employee: Would it be t__ much trouble f__ you to l__ me come in at 10 tomorrow morning?
Boss: Oh, that's a little d_______.
Employee: Yes, I know it's last moment, b___ I have to go to the dentist.
Boss: I'm afraid I can't let you come in late tomorrow. We r_____ need you at the meeting.
Employee: OK, I just th____ I'd ask. I'll get a different appointment.
Boss: Thanks, I appr_____ it.

Brother: Hey. W_____ you mind letting me watch my show?
Sister: Sorry, but I c____ do that.
Brother: Why n___?
Sister: I'm watching my favorite show now.
Brother: B___ I'm going to miss my favourite game show!
Sister: Watch it online. Don't bo_____ me.

Part 2 - Use your "Pākehā" Voice

Language:

to mute (turn the sound off)

you owe me (I'm doing you a favour)

Lickity-split (very quickly, very soon)

Pakeha (Non-Maori, usually English speaking, NZer)

all good (it's alright)

Watch and answer these questions:

1. What problem are the flatmates having?

2. What excuse does the person on the phone give for failing to activate the broadband?

3. What does Paul do for a living?

4. What is a Pakeha voice and why do you need to use it?

5. How does Joan manage to get Caleb to send someone over immediately?

6. What do Caleb and his friend say after the call is over?

Watch:

Get you a pakeha voice

Discuss:

Why do we need to use different 'voices' for different situations?

Language focus: kiwi English / politeness and assertiveness / formal and casual

1. Come on ____! This is the fourth time I've called and it's ____ _______ stupid!"

2. ___ ______ we failed to connect you ____, but _________ no one was home when we came to the _______.

3. Hi ______ Caleb ___ _____ _____? We're just having a little bit of a _____________ about our connection and I'm hoping that you could _____ us ____.

4. Yes, it ____ no one was home when we came to the address.

5. ____ and ____ both know that that's not true, and we ____ call on Wednesday, _____. So if we don't _____ this out now, I think you and I going to have a _____ ____ of a problem.

6. Well, ___ don't want that. So ____ about I put you on our priority list for an appointment.

7. Will tomorrow at 10am _____ for you?

8. No it ______ actually. I'm ______ that's not good enough.

9. How about I _____ ____ ________ with a technician and ____ someone out to your place, lickety-split - in the next, ___, 60 minutes?

10. That _____ be wonderful.

11. Once _____, thank you ___ much for your help, Caleb.

12. Hey ___ a problem. Sorry for ____ ______________.

Part 3 Advertising

We all know smoking harms us and others, but many do it anyway. There are lots of examples of this in a consumer society. List some others....

1. Who will notice this ad? What's their life situation?

2. What other things might be influencing their life choices?

3. What feelings are evoked through the ad? How does the ad try to speak to group of people it is targeting?

Sunday, May 24, 2026

How Wolves Change Rivers

When wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in the United States after being absent nearly 70 years, the most remarkable "trophic cascade" occurred. What is a trophic cascade and how exactly do wolves change rivers? George Monbiot explains.

What does it eat?

Wolf

Antelope

Fox

Bear

Beaver

Raven

Song bird

Bald eagle

Muskrat

Mice

Elk

Deer

Salmon

Coyote

Learn 12 words:

12 terms

Watch:

True or False

1. A trophic cascade is an ecological disaster.

2. Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone after not being there for a long time..

3. There were not enough deer in the Yellowstone Park

4. The wolves changed the behaviour of the deer.

5. The deer started to avoid the valleys because of the wolves.

6. The birds started attacking the deer

7. The height of the trees started to go down.

8. The bears started to kill each other

9. The rivers became deep and began to flow faster

10. There are now too many wolves in the park.

How Wolves Change Rivers

Fill in the gaps and then check:

Look through the text and underline or highlight examples of

Past perfect simple

Comparatives and Superlatives

How Wolves Change Rivers

One of the most exciting scientific f___________ of the past half century has been the discovery of widespread trophic cascades. A trophic cascade is an ecological process which starts at the t_____ of the food chain and tumbles a___ the way down to the bottom. And the classic example is what happened in the Yellowstone National Park in the United States when wolves were r______________ in 1995.

Now, we – we all know that wolves kill various s___________ of animals, but perhaps we’re slightly less aware that they g______ life to many others.

Before the wolves t________ up – they’d been absent for 70 years – the numbers of deer (because there had been nothing to hunt them) had built up and built up in the Yellowstone Park and d_________ efforts by humans to control them they’d managed to reduce much the v____________ there to almost nothing. They had just g_________ it away.

But as soon as the wolves arrived, even though they were few in number they started to have the most remarkable e_______.

First, of course, they killed some of the deer but that wasn’t the major thing. Much more significantly, they r___________ changed the behavior of the deer. The deer started avoiding certain parts of the park – the places where they could be trapped most easily – particularly the valleys and the g________ and immediately those places started to r_____________. In some areas, the height of the trees quintupled in j____ six years. Bare valley sides quickly became forests of aspen and willow and cottonwood. And as soon as that happened, the birds started m________ in. The number of songbirds and migratory birds started to increase g_________. The number of beavers started to increase because beavers like to eat the trees. And beavers, like wolves, are ecosystem engineers. They c_______ niches for other species. And the dams they built in the rivers provided h__________ for otters and muscrats and ducks and fish and reptiles and amphibians.

The wolves killed coyotes and as a r________ of that, the number rabbits and mice began to r_____ which meant more hawks more weasels more foxes more badgers. Ravens and bald eagles came down to feed on the carrion that the wolves had left. Bears f___ on it, too. And their population began to rise as well partly also because there were more berries growing on the regenerating shrubs. And the bears r__________ the impact of the wolves by killing some of the calves of the deer.

But h_____ where it gets really interesting.

The wolves changed the behavior of the rivers. They began to meander less. There was less e_______. The channels n_________. More pools f_________. More riffle sections. All of which were g______ for wildlife habitats. The rivers changed in r_________ to the wolves. And the reason was that the regenerating forests stabilized the b______ so that they collapsed less o_____. So the rivers became more fixed in their c_______.

S___________, by driving the deer o____ of some places, and the vegetation recovering on the valley side, there was less s____ erosion because the vegetation stabilized that as well. So the wolves, s______ in number, transformed n___ just the ecosystem of the Yellowstone National Park – This huge area of land… b___ also, its physical geography.

Pronunciation focus

particularly

similarly

immediately

slightly

dipthongs

stabilized

trophic

erosion

Yellowstone

vegetation

valley

wolves

recovering

Second syllable stress

effects

regenerating

transformed

erosion

immediately

particularly

ju:

reduced

reintroduced

huge

population