Sunday, September 25, 2022

(Upper-Intermediate) How languages evolve


Over the course of human history, thousands of languages have developed from what was once a much smaller number. How did we end up with so many? And how do we keep track of them all? Alex Gendler explains how linguists group languages into language families, demonstrating how these linguistic trees give us crucial insights into the past.

Sign up to TED Ed Lessons (1 min): really useful resource and do the lesson on this video:

Go here:

TED Lesson

Or just watch on You Tube:

How languages evolve

Listening Task: 

Put the key words of the presentation in the order they are mentioned.

Traced back

The Tower of Babel

Conditions

Early human migration

Fertile land

Proto-language

Neighbours

Borrowed terms

Grammar and syntax

False cognates

Common ancestor

Reconstruct

Other historical clues

Pronouns numbers and kinship terms

Categories

Evidence

Super families

Correspondences

Two main problems

Dialects





Here they are in order:

The Tower of Babel

Traced back

Early human migration

Fertile land

Conditions

Neighbours

Proto-language

False cognates

Borrowed terms

Grammar and syntax

Pronouns numbers and kinship terms

Correspondences

 Reconstruct

Other historical clues

Two main problems

Dialects

Categories

Evidence

Super families

Common ancestor

Now reconstruct what you heard in the video using these key words

Saturday, September 24, 2022

Review of facial expressions

Try to get you partner to say these things only using gesture and facial expression:











eyes widen











eyes narrow










eyes twinkle










rolling eyes










look heavenward











glaze over











dart











eyes flooded with tears









fighting back tears









tears running down the cheeks










eyelashes fluttering









forehead creasing










raised eyebrows 









give someone the once-over







glare










peer










nostrils flaring











grin











mouth twitching










a half-smile









fake smile











bite your lip











 jaw dropping






Extension:


Do you do anything funny with your mouth that people tease you about?

What do these expressions mean? Is there are similar expression in your first language?








motor mouth










big mouth










keep your mouth shut











tight lipped










zip it









give someone lip









pay lip service










blabber mouth









to mouth off








put a sock in it




C1.3 Unit 2 reading vocab





C1.3 Unit 2 reading vocab
1M

2C

S3
 N
E4
 E
5T

H
6A

7V
Y

L8
I9
H
10
U
11P

O12
O
U13
 E
Across
3. request the presence of (6)
4. encrypt (6)
7. differ (4)
9. done without forethought (9)
10. prompt (3)
12. developing (7)
13. underestimate (9)

Down
1. deceive (7)
2. Harvey has asked me to ____ (6) his regards.
5. from beginning to end (10)
6. clap (7)
8. dictionary (7)
11. investigate (5)


(Advanced) Body Language



Amy Cuddy is a Harvard Business School social psychologist who studies how non-verbal behaviour and snap judgements affect people from the classroom to the boardroom. She says our body language not only affects how other people see us, but also it may change how we see ourselves, as she explains in this interview with Lynn Freeman:

Listen:

Amy Cuddy on body language

Short version of Amy's extremely famous TED talk:

Body Language


0:00 - 1:32

1. What are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance in the animal kingdom?

A) Opening up, expand the body
B) Making the body smaller
C) Making fast movements
D) It depends

2. What do almost all people do when they've won a competition?
A) Make Y with their arms
B) Place their hands on their hips
C) Bend over
D) Shout and smile

3. What do we do with our bodies when we feel powerless?
A) We bump into other people
B) We make ourselves smaller
C) We start shaking
D) All of the above

4. What happens when we put high and low power together?
A) Our body language gets exaggerated
B) We mirror the more powerful person
C) We compliment the other's non-verbals
D) We compliment the other person

2:10 - 3.36

6. How do power poses affect our testosterone levels?
A) They make our testosterone levels decrease
B) They make our testosterone levels increase
C) They don't affect our testosterone levels
D) They configure our brain

7. How do power poses affect our cortisol levels?
A) They make our cortisol levels decrease
B) They make our cortisol levels increase
C) They don't affect our cortisol levels
D) They can both increase and decrease our cortisol levels

8. Which feelings can high power poses give us:

assertive
confident
aggressive
stress reactive
shut down
comfortable


4:00 - finish

9. What does Amy tell people to do?
A) Fake it 'til you make it
B) Don't fake it - become it.
C) Fake it 'til you become it
D) All of the above

10. What can lead to big changes?
A) configuring your brain
B) tiny tweaks
C) power posing
D) All of the above

11. Two minutes of power posing before going into a stressful situation will 
A) get your testosterone levels up
B) configure your brain
C) get your cortisol levels down
D) all of the above





(Business) Communication at Tesla

Image result for musk ceo tesla

Before reading:

1. What kinds of problems can occur within an organisation around communication?
2. How might these phrases be used in talking about the internal communication in a company?


Schools of thought
Chain of command
Silos
The proper channels
Feedback







Reading - add the words in:

Read to answer this general question:

What is the problem with the chain of command approach to communication, according to Musk?

No kidding.
to do so
impede
recipe
burying the feedback
This is incredibly dumb.
outlines

Elon Musk is famed for his unconventional management style. The South African-born entrepreneur behind companies including Tesla and SpaceX has described himself not as a micromanager but a "nano-manager", news.com.au reports.

Musk works about 100 hours per week at the electric carmaker and involves himself in even the tiniest aspects of the business - and this email, sent by Musk to Tesla employees several years ago, shows how.

In the email, published by Inc Magazine, the eccentric billionaire ________ his approach to communication inside the company.

"There are two schools of thought about how information should flow within companies," he writes. "By far the most common way is chain of command, which means that you always flow communication through your manager. The problem with this approach is that, while it serves to enhance the power of the manager, it fails to serve the company.

"Instead of a problem getting solved quickly, where a person in one dept. talks to a person in another dept. and makes the right thing happen, people are forced to talk to their manager who talks to their manager who talks to the manager in the other dept. who talks to someone on his team. Then the info has to flow back the other way again. ___________ Any manager who allows this to happen, let alone encourages it, will soon find themselves working at another company. _________

"Anyone at Tesla can and should email/talk to anyone else according to what they think is the fastest way to solve a problem for the benefit of the whole company. You can talk to your manager's manager without his permission, you can talk directly to a VP in another dept., you can talk to me, you can talk to anyone without anyone else's permission. Moreover, you should consider yourself obligated_______ until the right thing happens. The point here is not random chitchat, but rather ensuring that we execute ultra-fast and well. We obviously cannot compete with the big car companies in size, so we must do so with intelligence and agility.

"One final point is that managers should work hard to ensure that they are not creating silos within the company that create an us vs. them mentality or ________ communication in any way. This is unfortunately a natural tendency and needs to be actively fought. How can it possibly help Tesla for depts. to erect barriers between themselves or see their success as relative within the company instead of collective? We are all in the same boat. Always view yourself as working for the good of the company and never your dept."

Inc Magazine's Justin Bariso argues that while he's a "huge fan" of the message the email conveys, it's "easier said than done". "Communication that is forced to go through the 'proper channels' is a _______ for killing great ideas and ____________ that a company needs to thrive," Bariso writes.



1. Look back through the text. How many different ways is Musk referred to?
2. Find some examples of informal language abbreviation. How does this use of language back up Musk's overall point?
3. Find a rhetorical question.


review

12 collocations

C1.3 Unit 2: Communication - textbook preview



What do these words mean in the context of "communication"?
















impaired














cues














convey














probe














pre-cursor
















ambiguous














vary














through














lexicon














comprehension














involuntary














code














cut off















Idioms that use comparison / grammar: What word could go in the gap?














The more the _______.














As light as ________.













As sick as a ________.













As old as the _________.














As good as ________.














As strong as an ___________.
















The higher they go the harder they _________.















I couldn't care ________.













The ______ the better.













It couldn't be _______ from the truth.















Grammar: Future














Very soon

present continuous or will?















Soon

Going to or will?





















Distant future
Going to or will?













Completed in the distant future

Future perfect or future continuous?













An arrangement

Going to or present continuous?












A promise

Will or may?












Something expected but not certain
Should or must?













A prediction about something certain in the past
Future perfect (will have pp) or should (have pp)?






Monday, September 19, 2022

(Advanced) How to write a news item



Headline (most important fact / or "angle")
Lead (short intro)
Lead quote

Development

Who?
What?
Where?
When?
Why?
How?


Interviews or quotations of sources, witnesses, commentators
Background facts / context
Elaboration - some extra implications? Questions arising?
Interpretation - yours or a sources
Ending
Attribution



Tormented Teacher Trashes Technology

Teacher kills passerby by throwing computer out of classroom window. 

“I just reached the point where I had to vent my frustration”  - Gabriel White

A teacher at a prestigious Auckland language school shocked students this afternoon by throwing the classroom computer out of the classroom window, killing a passerby in the street below. The victim cannot be named until next of kin are notified, but it is understood he was not a person of any significance. “I just reached the point where I had to vent my frustration” the teacher, Gabriel White, 48, of Freemans Bay, said while being comforted by other staff members.

Many of the students were sympathetic: “to be honest, I was about to do the same thing”, said a young student with a French accent who declined to be named "but I received an important text message at the time". “The computer is really slow and unreliable, especially in room 2.1.” Other students were concerned for the victim. “I feel a bit sorry for the guy who was crushed to death”, said a student. 

“This particular case has broader implications”, says educationalist Professor Brian McDonald of Auckland University. "Students and teachers have come to rely on technology, and people walking in the street need to be aware of that. Of course, the safety of the public is important, but it’s also crucial that when things go wrong technically during a lesson, the teacher is able to take it out on someone outside the classroom.”

The school director declined to comment on the incident, but promised the school would be replacing all computers in the coming weeks.    

- Staff reporter

Headline / Lead / Quote

Corona Virus a Chinese Creation 

We discovered that the Covid-19 was actually created in a Chinese laboratory in 2015. 

It has been discovered that the Covid-19 virus was actually created in a Chinese laboratory in 2015. 

Corona Virus a Chinese Creation 
Covid-19 discovered to be created in Chinese laboratory. 
"I had no choice but to tell the World" - Jack, reporter.


Infection at EF school! 
The original victim has been found, it is a teacher his name is Gabriel. Unfortunately he died yesterday.   
The last words of Gabriel were "I don't know how it happened" 


Infection at EF school                                                  
Original victim - a teacher who is now dead - found.
 "I don't know how it happened" 

Aliens bring cure for Coronavirus: 
During the last days an UFO was seen flying around the globe causing preocupation between all the people and governments. The NASA said that they got a message from them. 
"We were waiting for this moment but we didn't expected it now, it happened out of the blues" NASA said "Just as humans between them, they want to be our Friends" 


Aliens Cure Coronavirus 
UFO seen flying around globe causing alarm. NASA contacted. 

“They are our friends” 


First development paragraph


On Monday, just before the lock down Gabriel, an English teacher at EF school  infected all students in his class. It is only on Tuesdays that we realised that he was carrying the virus. Unfortunately it was too late because the virus had infected everybody. On Wednesday the Gabriel  death was announced. We don’t konw how many victims will die yet. 


On Monday, just before the lock down,  Gabriel White, an English teacher at EF school, infected all students in his class. It was only on Tuesday that it was established  that he had been carrying the virus. Unfortunately, it was too late as the virus had infected everybody. On Wednesday, the death of Mr. White was announced. It is not known how many victims will die yet.