Tenses, aspects, modality

What tense aspect or modal form should you use?





















present context


















present state














past event / action















present background














specific moment in the future












action completed before time in the future (future background)













past action only partially perceived













past habit














past background














general present















past background context














Series of events over a longer period of time in the past













future in the past













future plan














future arrangement














future very soon













a past habit that annoyed or frustrated you













distant future












How probable is it?








will




must





may





might/could






should






What's different about this one:


can














What's the difference between....













be done
have done














did
had done













doing
be doing













stop doing
stop to do

Fake Nice

Pronunciation

chemist 

Vocabulary

running low

at random

hand over

vague + ly

tick by

churlish

this and that

every bit as

perfectly disgusting, happily expectant

Everybody alright?

grin

take seriously

as practiced (practised)

weapon (figurative)

through gritted teeth

to betray a fact

call me + adj, but I'm not adj

a turn-off

to beam at

to zone out

soporific

spurious

perky

Speaking

Do people usually take you seriously?

Do you sometimes zone out in class?

Are you running low on energy at the moment?

What things about studying English do find a turn-off?

Think of some things that are soporifics - e.g. chamomile tea

Use words in a sentence

Class folder

On the Whole - attitude words and phrases and their intonation

 

Tips on Intonation and Rhythm

First watch the video, then read the text. Practice with the text in bold below.


Tips

Intonation is the rhythm and pitch of speech. Rhythm is based on stress. In English we stress words that represent important information. Important information often goes in this order:


1. Nouns

2. Verbs (especially near pronouns, which means the nouns are understood)

3. Adjectives/Adverbs

Of course, there can be many exceptions in different situations. For instance, maybe time is most important to you--you may stress the adverb instead of the noun.

Overall, when practicing pronunciation or preparing to speak publically, choose about two-four words per sentence that are most important to the meaning of what you need to say. Stress those words and then also de-stress the others.


Pause as You Speak

To deliver important information, you need to pause before or after the stressed word. You can often pause before words like "that" and "which," prepositions (in, on, at, for, around, etc.) and conjunctions (and, but, or) as well. Pausing gives the listener time to fully hear the important words.
   

 What Not to Stress

De-stressing (reducing stress on) the small words helps the stressed words to sound important. You can de-stress by reducing vowel sounds. "To" becomes "t'" as in "t'work." "And" becomes "'n" as in "bread 'n butter." "For" becomes "fr" as in "fr you." "Is" attaches as if you are speaking a contraction: for "she is" say "she's." We also can delete "h" when attaching "his/her/has/had" to the previous word. For instance, "lost her job" can read "lost'r job." Make sure you are pronouncing contractions also.

Practice reading the passage below. Stressed syllables of 2-3 syllable words are in capital letters. Stressed words are in bold print. A slash ( / ) indicates a good place to pause. Of course, you always pause for commas and periods.

Practice Text

My friend / has a new job. He is WORking / as an IT specialist / for the new bank / that Opened / down the street. He's exCIted / because he gets to creATE / his own poSItion / since the bank is new. The pay is good too. That's LUcky / because his wife / recently lost her job. She has been apPLYing / all over town / for the past two months / and HASn't had any luck. Now she's going to take one month off, reLAX, and then try again.

Practice speaking clearly and fluently using this game.

"5-down"

hold up four fingers and a thumb. Use 90 seconds to say five things about the random topic in front of the whole group. Focus on speaking clearly, loudly, and expressively.

Each person gets feedback from the group on 

Clarity

Volume

Expressivity

Bananas

Democracy

Children

Music

Lifestyles

Animals

Intonation table

Say the word "table" with intonation to express the following emotions:

Anger 

Sadness 

Afraid 

Happiness 

Anxiety 

Depression 

Confusion 

Embarrassment 

Disgust 

Love 

Boredom 

Annoyance 

Jealousy 

Nervous 

Frustration 

Self-confidence 

Loneliness 

Excited 

Envy 

Ashamed 

Worry 

Affection 

Calm 

Enthusiasm 

Dogs of the Americas

Cats or dogs?

They weigh 5-20 pounds and most are covered in fur. 

They have scent glands on the dock of the or tales, the bottom of the ears, and the noses. 

Genis: canis

like small spaces and don't mind apartments.

typically solitary animals and don't mind being left at home alone.

Do not declaw unless they will never go outside again.

pack animals and are fine together. They will wait for you at the door all day.

respond to a pleasant high-pitched voice. They hiss at one another and save meows for humans. 

will protect you if they love you

not good with small children

Generally lazy; can sleep for 16 hours a day

Genus: felis

have pointed, flopped, or pricked ears. They typically have four legs and four toes. Most are furry, they vary in color.

Which animals was domesticated first - cats or dogs? Why do you think so?

We know from archaeological remains that domestic dogs lived in the Americas alongside the first humans over 10,000 years ago. But new evidence collected from the genomes of these early American dogs show that they didn’t evolve from North American wolves as you might expect. But were Husky-like dogs that came over from the Arctic and Siberia. Even more surprising is that only a very small percentage of these original American dog’s genes survive in current American mutts. This leads the researchers to think that when the Europeans colonised the Americas, 500 years ago, they bought their European dogs, and dog diseases, which may have wiped out the original hounds.

What's the missing word?

The _______ is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell. In humans, the _______ consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes located in the cell’s nucleus, as well as a small chromosome in the cell’s mitochondria. A ______ contains all the information needed for an individual to develop and function. 

Dogs of the Americas

Listen from 15:22 - 17:45

True or false?

Poodles came into the Americas after Columbus.

Chihuahuas are hairless.

Modern chihuahuas are descended from Aztec dogs.

There were no dog species at all in the Americas before humans arrived.

The early human settlers of the Americas brought domesticated dogs with them.

Steven Spielberg on virtual reality and cinema

Here are a few big Hollywood movies. Which were directed by Spielberg?


Jaws
Star Wars - The Empire Strikes Back
Raiders of the Lost Ark
ET
Blade Runner
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
The Last Samurai
Jurassic Park
Schindler's List
The Hobbit
Saving Private Ryan
AI
Minority Report
Ready Player One







Ready Player One trailer

Interview with Spielberg on VR and Cinema

Listen from 3:15 - 5:33

Main idea:

Which two aspects of cinema does Spielberg feel VR cannot replace?

Discuss

Do you agree that VR can't be a narrative technology? 

Is Spielberg right?

Listen for detail:

Number these words in the order they are used:

protagonist
conventional
undermine
obfuscate
free range
strangers
confined to
movie going
diaspora
short leash
entirely







Check

obfuscate
protagonist
conventional
undermine
free range
strangers
entirely
short leash
confined to
movie going
diaspora





Grammar:

____ we made this film five years from now, we probably could have introduced virtual reality.

What do you notice about the tense used and the time referenced?




 Discuss

1. Do you enjoy writing? What do you get out of it?

2. What makes writing more interesting? What makes it boring?

Extract of a review of Ready Player One:



Do this quiz first:


12 collocations

Try to put these adjectives into the most suitable gaps. Warning - this is quite confusing!

furious        spectacular          striking          dingy          hectic       dazzling             stunning

Steven Spielberg’s 1._____ sci-fi action-adventure, Ready Player One, is set half in the real world and half in virtual reality, so it’s not surprising that two of its characters should discuss the differences between those competing realms. What’s  2.______ is that the characters should have their discussion in the middle of a 3. _____ gun battle in a zero-gravity disco – and yet you can somehow follow both their arguments and the course of the shoot-out.

It’s 4._____ stuff. Recently, a generation of directors has been paying homage to Spielberg’s popcorn films (in Super 8, Jurassic World, and Stranger Things, for example), but with Ready Player One he proves with 5._____ aplomb that no one does Spielberg quite like Spielberg. No one has more empathy with pasty American kids from broken homes. No one packs scenes with so much information, or elaborate action set pieces with so much energy, while ensuring that you always know what’s going on and why.

And Spielberg isn’t just competing with his imitators and his 1980s self. He is blasting his way into the 21st Century. As his  6.______ film travels back and forth between a 7.____ Orwellian dystopia and a computer-generated dream world, he stampedes across territory occupied by Terry Gilliam, James Cameron, Christopher Nolan and the Wachowskis, not to mention the directors of The Lego Movie. He isn’t just making this territory his own, but demonstrating that it was his all along.

Discuss:

1. What is different about the adjectives I removed and the ones I made bold?

2. What in the end, was the most suitable arrangement of the adjectives? Did you learn something by figuring this out? What exactly?

Which selection from the text illustrates the the reviewer’s key point?

A) a generation of directors has been paying homage to Spielberg’s popcorn films
B) He isn’t just making this territory his own, but demonstrating that it was his all along.
C) he stampedes across territory occupied by Terry Gilliam, James Cameron, Christopher Nolan and the Wachowskis,

 Try to put these adjectives / participles into the right gaps.

Adapted from        higgledy-piggledy      orphaned         rundown       infinite     vertiginous

 7.__________ the best-selling novel by Ernest Cline, and scripted by Cline and Zak Penn, Ready Player One is set in the year 2045. Its 8.______ hero, Wade (Tye Sheridan), lives in a grey Ohio ghetto called The Stacks, where  9._________ skyscrapers are made of mobile homes piled on top of each other and held together with scaffolding. This opening setting would be enough to occupy most films, but no sooner have we glimpsed Wade’s 10.______ home than he slips on his VR gloves and helmet and flits across to the OASIS, an online role-playing game.

Most of the population passes most of its time in this game, it seems. The America of 2045 is so 11.______ that it makes sense to cross over to an 12.______ digital wonderland where you can live in every film you’ve ever seen.

Analysis:

Each of the things in bold is kind set formula that is constantly used in this kind of writing.

Adapted from the best-selling novel by Ernest Cline, and scripted by Cline and Zak Penn, Ready Player One is set in the year 2045. Its orphaned hero, Wade (Tye Sheridan), lives in a grey Ohio ghetto called The Stacks, where higgledy-piggledy skyscrapers are made of mobile homes piled on top of each other and held together with scaffolding. This opening setting would be enough to occupy most films, but no sooner have we glimpsed Wade’s vertiginous home than he slips on his VR gloves and helmet and flits across to the OASIS, an online role-playing game.

They all have the same purpose really: to pack the information in tightly and to link it smoothly. In contemporary English it's often seen as "good writing" to be able to condense your ideas efficiently. Why do you think this is?

Do you think it would be the same for Spanish, French or German?

C2.1 Unit 1 Technology

Grammar

1. Questions
- avoiding the classic mistakes, and using them more often and in different ways

What is wrong with this question?

"What two obvious grammatical mistakes you can make when forming a question in English?"

Questions: correct the mistakes...

1. How an artificial limb could possibly be an improvement on the real thing?

2. You mean in the future it will be our only option a one-child policy?

3. Would you agree if a basic understanding of computer technology is essential in this day and age?

4. It has been stated technological innovation is the key to a nation’s success, does it not?

5. Could it be envisaged a world without trees?

6. Does make sense we have the knowledge to do things, yet we don’t do them?

2. Talking about the past
Using the full range with greater ease

What is the purpose of Past Perfect (had + pp)?

The Past

Vocabulary focus

Film
Inventions
Social changes




Discussion - Ahead and behind

1. What do we mean when we say one country is "light years" ahead of (or behind) another?

2. Do you feel your country is behind or ahead technologically?

3. In what other ways can countries be ahead and behind?




Skills and knowledge focus

1. Write a film review
2. Understand and discuss William Blake's poem London (1794)
3. Understand the Steven Spielberg's ideas around technology and film.
4. Learn about technological and social changes through the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st centuries.
5. Understand and discuss the Jeremy Rifkin's ideas on the next Industrial Revolution and the Internet of Things.




Phrasal verbs

come into force
feed into
go down well
interfere with
level off
liken (sth / sb) to
put (sth) together
spark off
surge ahead

practice



Lead in


How have the technological advances of the last three decades affected these aspects of our lives?

Communication
Sport
Work life
Leisure
Travel
Transport
Health
Food


Kahoot on Inventions

18th or 19th Century?


Medieval help desk

Reading 

Which would be the best first sentence?

A) Can you imagine a world without electricity? Radio? Hand sewing every item of clothing?

B) The Nineteenth Century astonishing developments in transportation, construction, and communication technologies.

C) The magnitude of social change in the Nineteenth Century was unprecedented.



Quizlet review - collocations "vastly + different"





Questions in a dialogue - what are the missing words?

A: In the last thirty years, technology has changed at a phenomenal rate. Would you (1)_____ that this makes the telecommunications industry exciting, or difficult and expensive, to keep up with?

B: How (2)______ we find it difficult to keep up when it is, in fact, us who are the innovators pushing these changes? Do you (3)______ it’s a fight for us to stay ahead of our game?

A: Yes exactly, and consumer interest needs to be encouraged constantly, doesn’t (4)____?

B: That’s not really a problem. The consumer is always hungry for innovations that make life easier, and they are very quick to adapt. Can you imagine your life (5)______ your iPad for example, having to carry around a heavy laptop computer? Of course not.

A: What (6)______ you say provides the best inspiration for new tech ideas?

B: Without a (7)______ young kids and teenagers. To them the technology that surrounds us is a given. They see the world without the encumbrance of knowing how it once was. They expect to be able to do things that may not be possible yet, so they push us to be innovative. Can they (8)_____ what kind of life they would have lived without the Internet, smartphones, tablets, iPods and social networking? Absolutely not! In fact, in the future they’ll laugh at these things. One day my three-year-old was trying to change the channel on the TV by swiping the screen with his finger. If he could do it on the iPad, (9)______ couldn’t he do it on a TV screen? That’s what I mean.

A: So if advances thus far have been so rapid, does it make (10)_____ that they will speed up in the future?

B: Most definitely.

The Great Gatsby - Before and After

Here's how they do it.

Watch clip:

The Great Gatsby before and after

Alec Ross on the industries of the future

Alec Ross - The Rise of Robots


Read the blurb text:

"Across large swaths of the globe, people feel newly under siege by rising inequality and unwelcome disruption. A pervasive sense that it is becoming harder to find your place in the world or get ahead is rattling many societies. This book is about the next economy. It is written for everyone who wants to know how the next wave of innovation will affect our countries, our societies, and ourselves."

Describe in your own words what the texts is saying.




00:00 - 7:30

1. Alex says he has "a chip on each shoulder" - what does he mean?

2. He doesn't "see the world through rose-coloured glasses" - what does he mean?

3. Why did he write The Industries of the Future?

4. What mattered in the last 20 years economically?

5. What will matter in the next 20 years?

6. What was the "binary" of the 20th century?

7. My was Alex's mom known as as Becky the Barbarian?


From 7:30-12:00

Discuss:

How are the skills, knowledge, training and work experience you have relevant to the current job market?

Alex's predictions

1. What is so different now with technology, industry and the workplace?

2. Two things that make a technological revolution possible in the 2020s.

1. _______ mapping
2. _______ robotics


3. What is mapping relief space? Why is it so hard to achieve?

4. What is cloud robotics? Why don't we have C3PO yet?

5. How could C3PO become possible?

6. What are "blue collar jobs? What are "white collar" jobs?

7. How can robots take over "white collar" jobs?

Discuss

Is the experience and training you are doing now appropriate for a world where robots will do many blue and white collar jobs?

The Fourth Manufacturing Revolution

Economics vocab: how do the following words relate to economics?

growth (n.)

pie (n.)

drive (v.)

fuel (v.)

offshore (n.)

wave (n.)

model (n.)

capital (n.)

stock (n.)

lever (n.)

mature (v. and adj.)

slump (n.)

inject (v.)

Discuss the picture above. Does it show growth or development?

Before watching the lecture: 

What drives development in an economy?

What drives economic growth?

What's the difference between growth and development?

What's the connection?

What happens of there is no growth?

True or false? Guess.

1. The global economy has grown in the past 50 years.

2. Historically, growth has always been fuelled by manufacturing revolutions.

3. Relocating manufacturing plants offshore makes the supply chain more flexible.

4. Factories today are not very different from factories 50 years ago.

5. Robots today can only perform repetitive tasks.

6. Aerospace engineers have not begun to use 3D printers.

7. There is no future for manufacturing in mature economies like France.

8. It is as expensive to produce in Brazil as to produce in France. 

 Now skim through the transcript to find the answers.

Guys, we have an issue. Growth is fading away, and it's a big deal. Our global economy stops growing. And it's not new. Growth has actually declined for the last 50 years. If we continue like this, we need to learn how to live in a world with no growth in the next decade. This is scary because when the economy doesn't grow, our children don't get better lives. What's even scarier is that when the pie does not grow, each of us get a smaller piece. We're then ready to fight for a bigger one. This creates tensions and serious conflicts. Growth matters a lot.

If we look at the history of growth, times of big growth have always been fueled by big manufacturing revolutions. It happened three times, every 50-60 years. The steam engine in the middle of the 19th century, the mass-production model in the beginning of the 20th century -- thanks, Mr. Ford. And the first automation wave in the 1970s.

Why did these manufacturing revolutions create huge growth in our economies? Because they have injected huge productivity improvement. It's rather simple: in order to grow, you need to be producing more, putting more into our economy. This means either more labor or more capital or more productivity. Each time, productivity has been the growth lever.

I'm here today to tell you that we are on the verge of another huge change, and that this change, surprisingly enough, is going to come from manufacturing, again. It will get us out of our growth slump and it will change radically the way globalization has been shaped over the last decade. I'm here to tell you about the amazing fourth manufacturing revolution that is currently underway.

It's not as if we've done nothing with manufacturing since the last revolution. Actually, we've made some pretty lame attempts to try to revitalize it. But none of them have been the big overhaul we really need to get us growing again. For example, we've tried to relocate our factories offshore in order to reduce cost and take advantage of cheap labor. Not only did this not inspire productivity, but it only saved money for a short period of time, because cheap labor didn't stay cheap for long. Then, we've tried to make our factories larger and we specialized them by product. The idea was that we can make a lot of one product and stockpile it to be sold with demand.

This did help productivity for a while. But it introduced a lot of rigidities in our supply chain. Let's take fashion retail. Traditional clothing companies have built offshore, global, rigid supply chains. When fast-fashion competitors like Zara started replenishing their stocks faster from two collections a year to one collection a month, none of them have been able to keep up with the pace. Most of them are in great difficulties today.

Yet, with all of their shortcomings, those are the factories we know today. When you open the doors, they look the same as they did 50 years ago. We've just changed the location, the size, the way they operate. Can you name anything else that looks the same as it did 50 years ago? It's crazy. We've made all the tweaks to the model that we could, and now we hit its limits.

After all of our attempts to fix the manufacturing model failed, we thought growth could come from elsewhere. We turned to the tech sector -- there's been quite a lot of innovations there. Just to name one: the Internet. We hoped it could produce growth. And indeed, it changed our lives. It made big waves in the media, the service, the entertainment spaces. But it hasn't done much for productivity. Actually, what's surprising is that productivity is on the decline despite all of those innovation efforts. Imagine that -- sitting at work, scrolling through Facebook, watching videos on YouTube has made us less productive. Weird.

This is why we are not growing. We failed at reinventing the manufacturing space, and large technological innovations have played away from it. But what if we could combine those forces? What if the existing manufacturing and large technological innovation came together to create the next big manufacturing reinvention.

Bingo! This is the fourth manufacturing revolution, and it's happening right now. Major technologies are entering the manufacturing space, big time. They will boost industrial productivity by more than a third. This is massive, and it will do a lot in creating growth. Let me tell you about some of them.

Have you already met advanced manufacturing robots? They are the size of humans, they actually collaborate with them, and they can be programmed in order to perform complex, non-repetitive tasks. Today in our factories, only 8 percent of the tasks are automated. The less complex, the more repetitive ones. It will be 25 percent in 10 years. It means that by 2025, advanced robots will complement workers to be, together, 20 percent more productive, to manufacture 20 percent more outputs, to achieve 20 percent additional growth.

This isn't some fancy, futuristic idea. These robots are working for us right now. Last year in the US, they helped Amazon prepare and ship all the products required for Cyber Monday, the annual peak of online retail. Last year in the US, it was the biggest online shopping day of the year and of history. Consumers spent 3 billion dollars on electronics that day. That's real economic growth.

Then there's additive manufacturing, 3D printing. 3D printing has already improved plastic manufacturing and it's now making its way through metal. Those are not small industries. Plastic and metals represent 25 percent of global manufacturing production.

Let's take a real example. In the aerospace industry, fuel nozzles are some of the most complex parts to manufacture, for one reason: they are made up of 20 different parts that need to be separately produced and then painstakingly assembled. Aerospace companies are now using 3D printing, which allows them to turn those 20 different parts into just one. The results? 40 percent more productivity, 40 percent more output produced, 40 percent more growth for this specific industry.

But actually, the most exciting part of this new manufacturing revolution goes much beyond productivity. It's about producing better, smarter products. It's about scale customization. Imagine a world where you can buy the exact products you want with the functionalities you need, with the design you want, with the same cost and lead time as a product that's been mass produced, like your car, or your clothes or your cell phone. The new manufacturing revolution makes it possible.

Advanced robots can be programmed in order to perform any product configuration without any setup time or ramp up. 3D printers instantaneously produce any customized design. We are now able to produce a batch of one product, your product, at the same cost and lead time as a batch of many. Those are only a few examples of the manufacturing revolution at play.

Not only will manufacturing become more productive, it will also become more flexible, and those were exactly the elements of growth that we are missing. But actually, there are even some bigger implications for all of us when manufacturing will find its way back into the limelight. It will create a huge macroeconomic shift.

First, our factories will be relocated into our home markets. In the world of scale customization, consumer proximity is the new norm.

Then, our factories will be smaller, agile. Scale does not matter anymore, flexibility does. They will be operating on a multi-product, made-to-order basis. The change will be drastic.

Globalization will enter a new era. The East-to-West trade flows will be replaced by regional trade flows. East for East, West for West. When you think about that, the old model was pretty much insane. Piling up stocks, making products travel the whole world before they reach their end consumers. The new model, producing just next to the consumer market, will be much cleaner, much better for our environment. In mature economies, manufacturing will be back home, creating more employment, more productivity and more growth. Good news, isn't it?

But here's the thing with growth -- it does not come automatically. Mature economies will have to seize it. We'll have to massively re-train our workforce. In most countries, like in my country, France, we've told our children that manufacturing had no future. That it was something happening far away. We need to reverse that and teach manufacturing again at university. Only the countries that will boldly transform will be able to seize this growth.

It's also a chance for developing economies. Of course China and other emerging economies won't be the factory of the world anymore. Actually, it was not a sustainable model in the long term, as those countries are becoming richer. Last year, it was already as expensive to produce in Brazil as to produce in France. By 2018, manufacturing costs in China will be on par with the US.

The new manufacturing revolution will accelerate the transition of those emerging economies towards a model driven by domestic consumption. And this is good, because this is where growth will be created. In the next five years, the next billion consumers in China will inject more growth in our economies than the top five European markets together.

This fourth manufacturing revolution is a chance for all of us. If we play it right, we'll see sustainable growth in all of our economies. This means more wealth distributed to all of us and a better future for our children. 

Now watch:

The Fourth Manufacturing Revolution 






Kahoot:

18 questions